Transcript HISTORY

THE ELEVEN BODY SYSTEMS
List the names of the 11 body
systems.
Under each name:
 Tell me what the system does to
keep you or your species alive
 List 3 organs that belong to that
system.
Introduction to
Anatomy and
Physiology
What is Anatomy & Physiology?
• Anatomy = “cutting up” (Greek)
– The study of the structure and form of the parts
of a living organism
– Example: What does the heart look like & what
are some of its parts?
• Physiology
– The study of the function of the parts of an
organism
– Example: What does the heart do for the body?
Three Levels of Anatomy
• Gross – anatomy on a large scale
– Example: Learning the names of the bones and
certain regions on them
• Histology – anatomy at the tissue level
– Example: What is bone tissue made of?
• Cytology – anatomy at the cellular level
– Example: What types of cells make up bone
tissue?
HISTORY OF
ANATOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY,
AND
MEDICINE
Primitive Times
• Believed that illness and diseases
were a punishment from the Gods
• First physicians were witch
doctors who treated illness with
ceremonies
Primitive Times
• Herbs and plants were 1st pharmaceuticals
Examples:
Foxglove gave digitalis plants
– leaves were chewed to strengthen &
slow heart
– Now given by pills, IV, or injections
Primitive Medicine
•Quinine is from the bark of the cinchona tree.
Quinine is used alone or with other medications
to treat malaria
• Atropine is derived from the belladonna plant. It
is used to relax muscles by inhibiting nerve
responses. It is alos used to dilate the pupils and
as an antispasmodic.
•Morphine is derived from opium from the poppy
plant. It is a narcotic pain reliever used to treat
moderate to severe pain
Trepanation
• One of the first
surgeries
• A hole was cut
into the skull to
release demons
• What are some of
the possible
complications of
this treatment?
History of Anatomy-Egypt
(3000 BC- 300 BC)
• Early references to
anatomy from ancient
Egypt (1500 BC)
• Came from practice of
mummifying their dead
• Egyptians believed the
liver to be a part of the
soul that formed the
seat of thought &
feeling
3500 year old Egyptian Mummy
Egyptians
•
•
•
•
First to keep accurate health records
Wrote prescriptions on papyrus
Physicians were priests
Temples were used as
places of worships,
medical schools, and
hospitals
Egyptians
(3000 BC- 300 BC)
• Leeches would be use for
bloodletting (draining human blood)
• Does not hurt because their saliva
contains a natural anesthetic
• Their saliva also contains a blood
thinner, a vasodilator, and an agent
that prevents bacteria from infecting
the wound
• FDA has recently approved use of
leeches as a medical treatment
(more about this later)
Ancient Chinese
(1700 BC–AD 220)
• Religion prohibited
dissection
• Believed you had to treat
both the body and spirit
• Recorded a pharmacopoeia
of medications based on
herbs
• Therapies included
acupuncture
Alternative Medicine – much
based on Chinese and Asian
culture
This will be
covered in
greater detail
later.
Greeks
(1200 BC –200 BC)
• Made observations
about the human
body and the
effects of disease
that led to modern
medical sciences
• Believed illness is
a result of natural
causes
History of Anatomy (Greece)
The Greeks were the
first to attempt to
study objectively the
human body. That is
why many medical
terms are based on
the Greek lanquage.
Greeks
• Used therapies such as
massage, art therapy
and herbal treatments
• Discovered that diet
and cleanliness could
prevent disease
The Two Great Names in the
History of Greek Medicine
• Hippocrates-dominated the beginning of a
period of remarkable scientific creativity,
which lasted more than 700 years
• Galen—near the end of the period, both
furthered scientific knowledge and
crystallized it in an amazing volume of
written works. His influence lasted for 1500
years/45 generations.
Hippocrates(460B.C.-377B.C.)
• Hippocrates is know as the “Father of Medicine.”
He is considered one of the greatest physicians
the world has ever known.
• He was the first to attempt to separate the
practice of medicine from religion and
superstition.
• Hippocrates developed his pledge of proper
conduct for doctors. “I will use treatment to help
the sick according to my ability and judgment, but
never with the view to injury and wrong
doing…Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter
to help the sick.”
History of Anatomy (Greece)
– Believed that air
flowed into the heart
History of Anatomy (Greece)
• Hippocrates
http://encyclopedia.thefr
eedictionary.com/four%2
0humors
– Notion of the four humors
History of Anatomy (Greece)
Hippocrates - THE FOUR HUMORS
• Blood was thought to come from the heart
• Phlegm from the brain
• Yellow bile from the liver
• Black bile from the spleen
The Greeks believed that a person would
be healthy if these humors were in
balance.
The 4 Humors
coincided with the
four elements
recognized by the
Greeks
The temperaments are
sanguine (pleasureseeking and sociable),
choleric (ambitious and
leader-like), melancholic
(introverted and
thoughtful), and
phlegmatic (relaxed and
quiet).
Figure 1. Early Greek Model of Elements & Humors
History of Anatomy (Greece)
• Hippocrates
- The foundation of the
principles of medical
ethics.
- Hippocrates was the first
to separate medicine
from philosophy and
disprove the idea that
disease was a
punishment for sin.
History of Anatomy (Greece)
• Hippocrates
– 460-377 BC
– Father of Medicine
– gives his name to the
Hippocratic oath that
doctors take.
– Air flowed into the
heart
– Notion of the four
humors
More on Bloodletting……..
• The practice of bloodletting seemed
logical when the foundation of all
medical treatment was based on the
four body humors: blood, phlegm,
yellow bile, and black bile.
• Health was thought to be restored by
purging, starving, vomiting or
bloodletting
Bloodletting is
one of the oldest
medical practices,
having been
practiced among
ancient peoples
including the
Egyptians and the
Greeks.
Bloodletting 15th Century
Text book of Bloodletting
The barber poles that we
may still see today are a
result of these ancient
blood letting practices.
By the middle ages, both surgeons
and barbers were specializing in
this bloody practice. Barbers
advertised their blood letting
practices with a red (for blood) and
white (for tourniquet) striped pole.
The pole itself represented the
stick squeezed by the patient to
dilate the veins.
By the end of the 19th century
(1875-1900), phlebotomy was
declared quackery.
http://www.pb
s.org/wnet/red
gold/basics/ba
rbersurgeons.
html
Did blood letting lead to the final demise
of our 1st president?
On December 14, 1799, George
Washington contracted an illness that
inflamed his throat. His health
deteriorated rapidly.
Doctors tried to treat him by bloodletting,
a common medical procedure during this
time period for most types of ailments.
After being drained of 3.75 liters of blood
within 24 hours, his illness and the
bloodletting weakened him, and he died
later that same day. (Adults have 5.6 liters
of blood)
Leeches and Bloodletting
Most people today regard leeches as disgusting,
but for centuries these blood-sucking creatures
were a mainstay of medical care. Derived from
the Anglo-Saxon word loece, to heal (Medieval
doctors called themselves leeches).
The leech was used as an adjunct to bloodletting,
in places too sensitive or confined for the lancet
or other blood-letting instruments. Physicians
applied leeches to areas such as "the gums, lips,
nose,and fingers“.
Leeches became popular in the 19th century -- so
much so that the species became endangered in
Europe. In 1833 alone, French doctors imported
41,500,000 leeches. Eventually the procedure
was largely abandoned, along with other forms of
bloodletting.
The leech was
indispensable in 19th
Century medicine for
bloodletting, a practice
believed to be a cure for
anything from headache
to gout. As the use of
leeches increased many
pharmacists became
responsible for their
care and dispensation.
Today leeches have found renewed
utility in certain surgical procedures,
particularly after microsurgery. Doctors
sometimes find it helpful, for example,
to use leeches to restore circulation to
a re-attached finger or other small
body parts, or to portions of the skin
following plastic surgery.
Leeches Used in Medicine
Successful
reattachment of
severed ear, as
blood continued to
flow and carry
nutrients to the
damaged region
Cupping
Cupping is an ancient Chinese
practice that involves placing a
cup over the skin and using
fire or suction to create a
vacuum within the cup which
draws the skin and superficial
muscle layer into the cup.
The theory behind cupping
is that it increases the blood
flow and lymphatic drainage
in the areas being treated
and therefore promotes
healing.
It is also thought that
cupping can help to reexpand the lungs in disease
states.
Back to the History of Anatomy
and Physiology ….
History of Anatomy (Greece)
• Aristotle
–Contemporary of
Hippocrates
History of Anatomy (Greece)
• Aristotle
-Along with his contemporary scientistphilosophers, Aristotle thought arteries
contained air and veins carried
blood. He had other "strange" ideas but
was roughly accurate as far as the
general anatomy of the human body.
-Recognized that bodies are made of
parts, which in turn are made of simpler
parts
History of Anatomy (Greece)
• Aristotle
- Recognized that similar organs in
different organisms probably have
similar functions
- Thought the brain cooled the body and
the heart heated it
- Thought that the heart was the location
of the mind, will, and emotions
History of Anatomy (Greece)
• Herophilus
- Father of Anatomy
– Founded first school of
anatomy
– Encouraged the use of
dissection in the study
of anatomy
– Identified heart as the
origin of the human
pulse
History of Anatomy (Rome)
Human dissections were forbidden during this time
in Rome
• Galen
– 129-201 AD
– Proved that arteries
carry blood and not
air
– Believed that blood
originated in the liver
and flowed outwards
to form the flesh
Dark Ages
Dark and Middle Ages
- Medicine was practiced only in
monasteries and convents.
- The greatest contribution was the
collection and translation of the works of
Greek and Roman physicians.
- Sanitation was forgotten in this period and
resulted in the spread of serious
communicable diseases.
- The bubonic plague (the Black Death).
History of Anatomy
Arabic Medicine
• From the fall of Rome until the European
Renaissance of the 15th century, the
Islamic world was the center of medical
knowledge.
• Greek medical texts were translated into
Arabic and augmented with sophisticated
pharmaceutical information
History of Anatomy
Arabic Medicine
•From the fall of Rome until the European
Renaissance of the 15th century, the Islamic
world was the center of medical knowledge.
•Greek medical texts were translated into
Arabic and augmented with sophisticated
pharmaceutical information
•Many herbs and spices like nutmeg, cloves,
and mace were not originally valued as
cooking ingredients, but as medicines
The Renaissance Period
The Renaissance Period
•Universities and medical schools were founded,
providing a formal environment for research and
instruction.
•Previously existing beliefs were challenged, and
exploration began on new horizons of human
understanding.
•The printing press was invented, promoting a
much more rapid dissemination of information.
•Stigma attached to dissection of the dead was
overcome, allowing advancement of knowledge in
anatomy and physiology
History of Anatomy
(Renaissance)
• Period of renewed
interest in science and
the arts
• 14th & 15th century
• Mondino de Luzzi
– Italian scholar known
as the restorer of
anatomy
– Wrote Anathomia,
considered best work
on anatomy at the time
History of Anatomy
(Renaissance)
• Andreas
Vesalius
– Father of modern
anatomy
– Published first
complete
textbook
– Identified heart as
center of vascular
network
History of Anatomy
(Renaissance)
• Vesalius was one of the first to dissect
cadavers himself (rather than rely on others or
on animal dissections)
• Even Leonardo da Vinci and other "artistanatomists" didn't do their own dissection (of
course, they lived nearly twice as long because
they weren't exposed to infections in the dead
bodies)
History of Anatomy
(Renaissance)
• Vesalius was obsessed with dissections,
even stacking up cadavers in his
bedroom as a medical student in Paris.
• Later in his life, he told his students to
keep a list of their really sick patients so
he'd know where to go to get a freshly
dead body.
History of Anatomy
(Renaissance)
• Leonardo da
Vinci
–Took a particular
interest in
anatomical
drawings as an
art form
Some of Leonardo’s Works
William Harvey (1578-1657)
- Showed that the heart is a double pump
and how blood actually circulates.
- Harvey is credited with beginning modern
physiological research and experimentation
TOOLS THAT HAVE
IMPROVED THE
STUDY OF ANATOMY
TOOLS THAT HAVE IMPROVED
THE STUDY OF ANATOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY, & LEARNING
ABOUT THE HUMANB BODY
BRAINSTORM WITH YOUR
NEIGHBOR
List 6 important tools in the field
of medicine, physiology and
anatomy.
Improved
microscopy
http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=M4o0DxBgZk
READ PAGES 56 – 57
DEALING WITH CAT
SCANS
PET scanners
•PET stands for Positron Emission
Tomography.
•This is a fairly new type of scan that
can show how body tissues are working
and not just what they look like.
•A PET scan can show the difference
between scar tissue and active cancer
tissue.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZ
Qq7chGoO4
PET produces images of the body by
detecting the radiation emitted from
radioactive substances. These substances
are injected into the body, and are usually
tagged with a radioactive atom.
READ
* PAGE 55 DEALING
WITH
RADIOISOTOPES
* PAGES 70-71
DEALING WITH CT &
PET SCANS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZQq7chGoO4
•A PET scan demonstrates the biological
function of the body before anatomical
changes take place, while the CT scan
provides information about the body's
anatomy such as size, shape and location.
•By combining these two scanning
technologies, a PET/CT scan enables
physicians to more accurately diagnose
and identify cancer, heart disease and
brain disorders.
IMAGE FUSION
Utilizing a dedicated imaging workstation,
we are able to overlay PET data with
CT/MRI images, allowing precise
localization of tumor
CT/MRI
PET
http://video.about.co
m/orthopedics/MRI.h
tm
READ PAGES 6 – 7
DEALING WITH MRI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t
_721QwF9V8
ENDOSCOPY - A
thin, lighted tube
used to look at tissues
inside the body.
http://video.about.com/heart
burn/Heartburn-Reflux-Endoscopy.htm
ENDOSCOPY
A wireless endoscopy
system in a capsule
provides real-color
images of the GI tract
after the patient
swallows the device.
http://www.bing.com/videos/search
?q=pill+camera&FORM=HDRSC3
#view=detail&mid=4F4098177AE
2E7664DF84F4098177AE2E7664
DF8
http://www.bing.com/videos/search
?q=pill+camera&FORM=HDRSC3
#view=detail&mid=C748F7D699E
A0C8E7D6EC748F7D699EA0C8E
7D6E
ROBOTIC
SURGERY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
o76RnPJhg7w
ORGAN AND
BODY
DONATION
http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/10/28/body.after.you.
die/index.html
http://www.bodyworlds.com/index.html
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5553329
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=body+worlds&FORM=HD
RSC3#view=detail&mid=2D6466031DFFF9B13EE62D6466031D
FFF9B13EE6
And now for the ultimate body
donation
THE BODY FARM
The first body farm (officially known as the University of
Tennessee Forensic Anthropology Facility) was opened in 1971.
Bass recognized the need for research into human decomposition
after police repeatedly asked for his help analyzing bodies in
criminal cases.
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=BODY+FARM&FORM=H
DRSC3#view=detail&mid=5283BBA0B15783CEC1C45283BBA
0B15783CEC1C4