Transcript INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY

INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
HUMAN ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy/Physiology
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ANATOMY - study of the structure of an
organism and the relationships of its parts
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PHYSIOLOGY – study of the function
of living organisms and their parts
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Anatomists learn about the human body by dissection
Requires active experimentation
Anatomical structures are designed
for their specific functions
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FORM FITS FUNCTION!
“Struc-Func”
History of Anatomical Studies
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Andreas Vesalius
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1514-1564
Obtained bodies of executed criminals for dissection
Founder of modern human anatomy
Published the first true anatomy textbook
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De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body)
Henry Gray
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1827-1861
Published Gray’s Anatomy
Recent editions still used by medical students today
“Muscle Man” as seen in
De Humani Corporis Fabrica
by Andreas Vesalius
Hand-colored diagram of blood
vessels in the neck as seen in
Gray’s Anatomy (2nd ed.)
by Henry Gray
Structural Levels of Organization
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The body is a single structure, but it is made
up of trillions of smaller structures working
together to make a functioning organism
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Atoms combine to form molecules
Molecules combine to form organelles
Organelles combine to form cells (smallest “living” unit)
Cells that work together combine to form tissues
Tissues that work together to form organs
Organs that work together form an organ system
Organ Systems that work together form an organism
Structural Levels of Organization
Balance of Body Functions
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All living organisms have mechanisms that
ensure survival of the body by keeping
consistent internal conditions
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Homeostasis – regulation of the living
environment – “biological balance”
Every organism must have some sort of
self-regulation to maintain homeostasis
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Known as FEEDBACK LOOPS
Negative Feedback Loop
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Negates or opposes a change in a condition
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By reversing the change, it returns to normal
Positive Feedback Loop
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Not as common
Amplify or reinforce a change that is occurring
Causes increase in rate of occurrence of
events until something stops the process
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Examples: Uterine contractions in the
birthing process; increasingly rapid
sticking together of platelets to cuts
System – Group of organs that
perform a more complex function
than any organ alone
Listing of the 11 organ
systems (the human
body’s largest and most
complex structural unit)
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Integument
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Respiratory
Digestive
Lymphatic
Urinary