Transcript LECTURE II:

LECTURE II:
THE HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY. THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY OF
MEDICINE
Plan:
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1. The first sociological institutions and researches.
2. Auguste Comte and his followers.
3. The main sociological schools:
social Darwinism;
race-anthropologic school;
geographic school;
the theory of imitation;
4. The main periods in the development of sociology
of medicine.
the early period;
the period of formation
the period of development;
the period of development as a science;
the modern period.
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The first book with the term 'sociology' in its title
was The Study of Sociology (1874) by the
English philosopher Herbert Spencer.
In the United States, Lester Frank Ward,
described by some as the father of American
sociology, published Dynamic Sociology in 1883
and the discipline was taught by its own name
for the first time at the University of Kansas,
Lawrence in 1890 under the course title
Elements of Sociology (the oldest continuing
sociology course in America).
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The Department of History and Sociology at the
University of Kansas was established in 1891 and the
first full-fledged independent university department of
sociology was established in 1892 at the University of
Chicago by Albion W. Small, who in 1895 founded the
American Journal of Sociology. The first European
department of sociology was founded in 1895 at the
University of Bordeaux by Émile Durkheim, founder of
L'Année Sociologique (1896). The first sociology
department to be established in the United Kingdom was
at the London School of Economics and Political
Science (home of the British Journal of Sociology) in
1904. In 1919 a sociology department was established in
Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich
by Max Weber and in 1920 in Poland by Florian
Znaniecki.
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International cooperation in sociology
began in 1893 when René Worms
founded the small Institut International de
Sociologie that was later on eclipsed by
the much larger International Sociological
Association starting in 1949 (ISA). 1905,
the American Sociological Association, the
world's largest association of professional
sociologists, was founded; 1909 as well
der Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie
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Auguste Comte
Born 20.1.1798, died 1857
Author of Cours de Philosophie Positive (6
volumes), published 1830, to 1842; translated
into English 1853. The word Sociologie was first
coined in volume four (1839). Comte argued that
sociology would have two closely inter-related
parts, statics and dynamics. Statics would be
about social organisation and stability, dynamics
about change and history. Comte divided the
history of ideas into three stages: 1) theological
2) philosophical (critical) and 3) scientific
(positive).
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- social Darwinism – lies in naturalization of the society,
this school recognizes natural selection and the struggle
for existence as the main determiners for the
development of the society (representatives: W. MacDugal);
- race-anthropologic school – recognizes race factor as
crucial for historic process, its representatives
Chamberlain, Hobino etc, were for the preservation of
pure race and they were against race mixing ;
geographic school – Bokl and Mechnikov
developed the psychological trend in sociology and the
terms “psychology of a people and a crowd”;
the theory of imitation – H.Tard introduced three
processes in the society: imitation, opposition,
adaptation and also two types of imitation: fashion and
customs.
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the early period (the 19th century) – the first investigations of
the relations of public health, people psychic and physical state,
their diseases with social factors (Mac-Intire);
the period of formation (the beginning of 20th till World War I) –
the book “Medical sociology” by Blackwell in 1910;
the period of development (20-30 of the 20th century) - the
introduction of social analysis into medical researches – G.Stern
and his book “”Social factors of medical progress”;
the period of development as a science – after World War II
sociology of medicine became an independent science. The main
characteristics of this period: sociologic realization of the role and
place of medicine, health care system, patients in modern socialeconomic conditions and the necessity of sociologic education for
medical personnel;
the modern period – (since 1999 and up to now) the investigations
of the influence of the scientific technical progress on people’s
lifestyles, their behavior stereotypes, diseases and health.
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