Chapter One, Section Two
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Transcript Chapter One, Section Two
JOURNAL
Does our school have “cliques?”
If yes, what “clique” are you in? Was it chosen by
you or for you?
If no, if our school did have “cliques,” which one
would you want to be in?
THE BEGINNING OF SOCIOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY IS A NEW SCIENCE
Began
in late 19th Century
Europe.
The Industrial Revolution and
French Revolution brought
changes.
People were moving from farms
to factory life.
AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857)
French
Father of Sociology
If societies were going to advance, social behavior
had to studied scientifically.
Positivism – scientific observation in the study of
social behavior.
SOCIAL STATICS VS. SOCIAL DYNAMICS
Social Statics – the study of social stability and
order.
Social Dynamics – the study of social change.
The distinction between social stability and social
change remains at the center of modern
sociology.
HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-1876)
English
Lost her sense of taste, smell, and
hearing before reaching adulthood.
Translated Comte’s book into English.
Wrote about the inferior position of women in
society.
Women’s lack of economic power kept them
dependent.
HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)
To explain social stability,
he compared sociology to the body.
Like a body, society is composed of parts working
together to promote its well-being and survival.
Social Darwinism - competition among all
individuals, groups, nations, or ideas drives social
evolution in human societies.
KARL MARX (1818-1883)
VERY IMPORTANT PERSON!!
Believed there would eventually
be two classes.
Bourgeoisie – Those who own everything
Proletariat – Those who work for the Bourgeoisie.
He believed eventually the Proletariat would
overthrow the Bourgeoisie and there would be a
classless society.
This is called “Class Conflict.”
MAX WEBER (1864-1920)
“Human beings act on the basis of
their own understanding of a
situation.”
Therefore, sociologists must discover the personal
meaning, values, beliefs, and attitudes
underlying human social behavior.
JANE ADDAMS (1860-1935)
Focused on problems caused
by the imbalance of power among
the social classes.
She was considered a social worker because she
did not teach at a university.
In 1931, she became the only sociologist to win
the Nobel Peace Prize.