Transcript Secondary Group

Name that social interaction
1. After a heated disagreement 2nd hour agrees to table the
discussion
2. Two boys get into a fight over a girl
3. most basic and common
4. Wars, disagreements within groups, legal disputes,
clashes over ideology
5. Can lead to stress, lack of cooperation , inequality &
conflict
6. Jake gives Heather a high five in the hall way
7. Carlos and Tristan perform hoping to win Putting on the
Hits.
8. Kristen and Lindsay work together for a stunt for the pep
rally
9. Neither cooperate or conflict
10. Causes advancement in business, school & sports
because people excel to get rewards.
Types of social interaction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exchange-most basic and common
-Reciprocity –the idea of owing something in return
Competition-Causes advancement in business, school & sports
-Can lead to stress, lack of cooperation , inequality & conflict
Conflict
-Wars, disagreements within groups, legal disputes, clashes over
ideology
Cooperation
Accommodation
• Neither cooperate or conflict
• ex. Compromise, truce, mediation, arbitration
Comparing Societies
Emile Durkheim :
• Mechanical solidarity-when
people share the same
values and perform the same
tasks they become united in
a common whole (ex. Most
pre-industrial soc.)
• Organic solidarity-impersonal
social relationships that arise
with increased job
specialization in which
individuals can no longer
provide for all of their own
needs
Ferdinand Tonnies
• Gemeinshaft
“community”-refers to
societies in which most
members know each
other. (ex. Preindustrial
rural village
• Gesellschaft- “society”most social relationships
are based on need rather
than on emotions (
impersonal and
temporary) (ex. modern
US- example)
Chapter 4-4
Groups and
Organizations
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Journal : What do you think a
group is ?
•Make a list of the
groups that you are
a part of
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Understanding Groups
In Sociological terms, a group
1. 2 or more people
2. Interact
3. Shared experience
4. Possess some common
identity.
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Not A Group
• Aggregate- people who gather at the
same time but lack organization or
lasting pattern of interaction
• Social category- a means of classifying
people according to a shared trait or
common status ( students women,
teenagers, & left handed people)
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• Types of Groups
• Primary and Secondary Groups
Primary group refers to a small group
characterised by intimate, face-to-face
association and cooperation.
Secondary Group refers to a formal,
impersonal group in which there is little
social intimacy or mutual understanding.
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Comparison of primary and secondary groups
Primary Group
Secondary Group
Generally small
Usually large
Relatively long period of
interaction
Short duration, temporary
Intimate, face-to-face association
Little social intimacy or
mutual understanding
Some emotional depth in
relationships
Relationships generally
superficial
Cooperative, friendly
More formal and
impersonal
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• Studying Small Groups
Small group is used to refer to a group
small enough for all members to interact
simultaneously, that is, to talk with one
another or at least be acquainted.
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Journal: # 2-5 Label the following: a group, an aggregate,
social category
1. People standing in line at Walmart
2. Social Studies Dept. at Northshore High
3. Teenagers
4. Right-handed people
5. African Americans
6. NAACP
7. 1st lunch in NHS cafeteria
8. Student council
9. Men
10. People over 6 feet tall
11. Mr & Mrs. Boudreaux
12. NHS basketball team
13. Chi Omega Sorority
Label the following: a group, an aggregate, social
category
1. People standing in line at Walmart -aggregate
2. Social Studies Dept. at Northshore High- a group
3. Teenagers social category
4. Right-handed people- social category
5. African Americans- social category
6. NAACP- a group
7. 1st lunch in NHS cafeteria- aggregate
8. Student council- a group
9. Men- social category
10. People over 6 feet tall- social category
11. Mr & Mrs. Boudreaux- a group
12. NHS basketball team- a group
13. Chi Omega Sorority- a group
Label the following: a group, an aggregate, social
category
1. People at the 8pm movie last night
2. NHA Social Studies Dept.
3. Teenagers
4. Right-handed people
5. People over 6 feet tall
6. The Hebert Family
7. African Americans
8. NAACP9. 1st lunch in NHS cafeteria10. The Saints11. Men12. NHS basketball team13. NHS Ambassadors
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Label the following: a group, an aggregate, social category
1. People at the 8pm movie last night-aggregate
2. NHA Social Studies Dept. - a group
3. Teenagers social category
4. Right-handed people- social category
5. People over 6 feet tall- social category
6. The Hebert Family: Chris Stacey Adam Elizabeth Cameron
& David- a group
7. African Americans- social category
8. NAACP- a group
9. 1st lunch in NHS cafeteria- aggregate
10. The Saints- a group
11. Men- social category
12. NHS basketball team- a group
13. NHS Ambassadors a group
• Size of a Group
The simplest of all social groups or
relationships is the dyad or twomember group. E.g. a wife and a
husband, a business partnership or
singing duo.
The introduction of one additional
person to a dyad dramatically
transforms the character of the small
group. The dyad now becomes a
three-member group, or triad
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• In-Groups and Out-Groups
• An in-group can be defined as any
group or category to which people
feel they belong. It comprises
everyone who is regarded as ‘we’ or
‘us’.
• An out-group is a group or category
to which people feel they do not
belong.
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• Reference Groups
When speaking of any group that
individuals use as a standard for
evaluating themselves and their own
behaviour.
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• Coalitions
A coalition is a temporary or permanent
alliance geared toward a common goal.
Coalitions can be broad-based or
narrow, and can take on many different
objectives.
E.g., whites and Latinos, working class and
affluent, who have banded together to work
for improved sidewalks, better drainage
systems, and comprehensive street paving.
Out of this type of coalition building, will
emerge better interracial understanding.
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Look at the definition for social institution.
Journal What are the basic needs of
society?
What institutions exist to fill those
needs?
Social Institutions: system of statuses, roles,
values and norms that is organized to satisfy one
or more of the basic needs of Society
What are the basic needs of society?
•Physical & emotional support
•Transmitting knowledge
•Producing goods and services
•Maintaining social control
Ex. Of social institutions
•
•
•
•
•
•
Family
Economy
Politics,
Education
Religion
Also media, medicine & science
Understanding organizations
• Formal organizations and bureaucracies
A formal organization is a special purpose
group designed and structured for maximum
efficiency.
• Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
A bureaucracy is a component of formal
organization in which rules and
hierarchical ranking are used to achieve
efficiency.
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Max Weber (1922) saw bureaucracy as a
form of organization quite different from the
family-run business. For analytical
purposes, he developed an ideal type of
bureaucracy that would reflect the most
characteristic aspects of all human
organizations. In actuality, perfect
bureaucracies do not exist; no real-world
organization corresponds exactly to Web’s
ideal type.
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1. Division of Labour
Specialized experts are employed in
each position to perform specific tasks.
Such a work arrangement, produces
extreme alienation– a condition of
estrangement or dissociation from the
surrounding society.
‘Trained incapacity’– workers become so
specialised that they develop blind spots
and fail to notice obvious problems.
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Charecteristics of a Bureacracy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Division of labor
Hierarchy of Authority
Written Rules and Regulations
Impersonality
Employment Based on Technical
Qualifications
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• Bureaucratization as a Process
Sociologists have used the term
bureaucratisation to refer to the process by
which a group, organization, or social
movement becomes increasingly
bureaucratic.
(e.g., in a typical citizen’s nightmare, one may
have to speak to 10 or 12 individuals in a
corporation or government agency to find out
which official has jurisdiction over a particular
problem.)
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• Oligarchy : Rule by a Few
German sociologist, Robert Michels
originated the idea of the iron law of
oligarchy, which describes how even a
democratic organization will develop
into a bureaucracy ruled by a few (the
oligarchy).
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• Bureaucracy and organizational Culture
• According to the classical theory of
formal organizations, also known as the
scientific management approach, workers
are motivated almost entirely by
economic rewards.
• An alternative way– human relations
approach, emphasises the role of people,
communication, and participation within a
bureaucracy.
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• Voluntary Association
• Voluntary association are organizations
established on the basis of common
interest, whose members volunteer or
even pay to participate.
• Membership in voluntary associations
is not random. The most consistent
predictor of participation is
socioeconomic status– that is, a
person’s income, education, and
occupation.
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Groups
• Define their boundaries
• Have symbols, uniforms, gestures,
handshakes, & language/jargon
• Have a goal
• Control their member’s behavior
(sanctions)
Groups have leaders
• Instrumental leader-task-oriented; find
specific means that will help a group
reach its goal
• Expressive leaders- emotion oriented;
find ways to keep the group together
and maintain morale
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Read to Discover
• How are bureaucracies structured?
• How effective are bureaucracies?
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Question
How are bureaucracies structured?
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Head of the Bureaucracy
(CEO, Superintendent, president, etc.)
Department Head/VP
(subordinates)
Department Head/VP
(subordinates)
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model of Buereacracy
• Division of labor
• Ranking of authority/ hierachy
• Employment based on formal qualifications
• Rules and regulations
• Specific lines of promotion and advancement
• Govt. organizations can be bureaucratic
• So can voluntary associations
• Can have primary groups within large
bureaucracies
• Read p. 87 What are the positives and
negatives of a bureaucracy?
• How effective are bureacracies?
Advantages of Bureaucracies
• Best way to coordinate a large number of
people
• Create order
Disadvantages of Bureacracies
• lose sight of original goal
• Bureacratic personality-following the rules/
proliferation of red tape
• Result in oligarchies
• Iron law of oligarchy Tendency
of organizations to become
increasingly dominated by a
small group of people.
• Peter Principle- people are
often promoted to positions for
which they may have little
ability ( rise to your own level of
incompetence)
Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding Main Ideas
1.
How can a person’s status differ from his or her role?
2.
How does role conflict affect groups and individuals? How can it be
resolved?
3.
What are the five most common forms of interaction recognized by
sociologists?
4.
Identify and describe the three broad categories of societies used
by sociologists.
5.
How do the roles of group members differ between primary and
secondary groups?
6.
What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major
characteristics of a bureaucracy?
7.
What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of bureaucracies?