Chapter 5 Groups and Organizations
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Transcript Chapter 5 Groups and Organizations
Chapter 6
Groups and Organizations
Key Terms
aggregate
A collection of people who happen to be in the
same place at the same time but share little
else in common.
category
A number of people who may never have met
one another but share a similar characteristic.
ingroup
A group to which a person belongs and with
which the person feels a sense of identity.
outgroup
A group to which a person does not belong and
toward which the person may feel a sense of
competitiveness or hostility.
reference group
A group that strongly influences a person’s
behavior and social attitudes, regardless of
whether that individual is an actual member.
network
A web of social relationships that links one
person with other people and through them,
with other people they know.
small group
A collectivity small enough for all members to
be acquainted with one another and to interact
simultaneously.
dyad
A group composed of two members.
triad
A group composed of three members.
instrumental leadership
Type of leadership that is goal or task oriented.
expressive leadership
Type of leadership that provides emotional
support for members.
authoritarian leaders
Make all major group decisions and assign
tasks to members.
democratic leaders
Encourage group discussion and
decision-making through consensus building.
laissez-faire leaders
Minimally involved in decision-making and
encourage group members to make their own
decisions.
conformity
The process of maintaining or changing
behavior to comply with the norms established
by a society, subculture, or other group.
groupthink
Process by which members of a cohesive
group arrive at a decision that many individual
members believe is unwise.
bureaucracy
Organizational model characterized by
hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor,
explicit rules and procedures, and
impersonality.
rationality
Process by which traditional methods of social
organization, characterized by informality, are
gradually replaced by efficiently administered
formal rules and procedures.
ideal type
Abstract model which describes the recurring
characteristics of some phenomenon.
informal structure
Composed of aspects of participants’
day-to-day activities and interactions that
ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the
official rules and procedures of the
bureaucracy.
goal displacement
Occurs when the rules become an end in
themselves rather than a means-to-an-end,
and organizational survival becomes more
important than achievement of goals.
bureaucratic personality
Describes workers who are more concerned
with following correct procedures than with
getting the job done correctly.
iron law of oligarchy
The tendency to become a bureaucracy ruled
by the few.