Transcript Animal Classification

Animal Classification
Zoology
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Taxonomy
• Taxonomy
– Field of science that classifies organisms and
defines their relationships
– All about grouping organisms (plants and animals)
– Originally by traits or characteristics
– Today, DNA is a part of the classification
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Taxonomy
• Divisions – broad to specific
– Kingdom
– Phylum
– Class
– Order
– Family
– Genus
– Species
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Taxonomy
• Kingdom
– 2 original kingdoms
• Plants and animals
– Original 2 kingdoms started getting split in the
mid-20th century – only 50-60 years ago
– Today: 5-6 kingdoms
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Kingdoms
• Modern Kingdoms
– Monera – bacteria
• Prokaryotes (no nucleus); always single-celled; may
have plant, fungus, or animal characteristics
– Archaea
• Prokaryotes; single-celled; adapted to unusual and/or
extreme conditions; have several different cellular
chemistries from Monera
– Protista
• Eukaryotes (nucleus in cell); mostly single-celled or
collections of very similar cells; may have plant, fungus,
or animal characteristics
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Kingdoms
– Plantae - plants
• Eukaryotes; multicellular; capable of photosynthesis,
production of complex molecules from simple
molecules using light
– Animalia – animals
• Eukaryotes; multicellular; must obtain complex food
molecules from external source, broken down and
absorbed internally; usually capable of movement
– Fungi – fungus
• Eukaryotes; almost all multicellular; must obtain
complex food molecules from external source,
absorbed through external surface; almost never
capable of movement
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Taxonomy
• Variations
• Some taxonomies include “super” kingdoms
or Domains
– Three domains
• Bacteria – Monera
• Archaea – Archaea
• Eukarya – Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
• Remove Monera and Archaea and combine
them into Bacteria
• Separate Protista into Protista and Chromista
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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)
• Porifera
– Sponges
– 5000 total
– No tissues
– Absorb food through filtration
– Most have water intake and outlet openings
– Can remold their bodies because most cells can
move within the body and some change type
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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)
• Cnidaria and Ctenophora – jellyfish
– 2 cell layers with jelly-like layer between them,
inter-cell connections
– Carnivores
– Cnidaria – cnidocytes, fire harpoons,
– Ctenophora – colloblasts, cell used to capture prey
– Major Classes of Cindaria
• Hydrozoa – hydras
• Scyphozoa – Jelly fish
• Antozoa – Sea annenanenamies
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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)
• Platyhelminthes – tapeworms
– Flatworms
– No body cavity, no specialized circulatory and
respiratory organs
• Nematoda – round worms - unsegmented worms
– Digestive system is a tube with openings at both ends
– Space between digestive organs and outer skin
– Major Classes
• Hookworms – enter body through skin and up in digestive
track
• Pinworms – live in lower intestine and lay eggs in your
rectum
• Trichinella – flu like worm
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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)
• Mollusca – snails, clams, squids
– 150,000 species
– Mantle (cavity for breathing), shell, organization of
the nervous system, broad muscular foot, radula
(rasping “tongue”), multiple functions of organs,
open system circulation, complete digestive
system
– Major Classes
• Bivalvia – oysters, clams, muscles
• Gastropoda – Snails and slugs
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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)
• Annelida – segmented worms – earthworms,
leeches
– Over 15,000 species
– Long bodies with segments, repetition of internal
organs, closed circulatory systems, outer covering
made of collagen
– Bilateral semetry
– Major Classes
• Polychaeta – Bristleworms
• Hirudinea – leaches
• Oligochaeta - Earthworms
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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)
• Echinodermata – starfish
– 6,000 species – mostly marine
– Adults possess five-side symmetry, skeleton
composed of plates, ring water vascular system,
regeneration
– Major Classes
• Brittle Stars, Sand Dollars, Sea Lilies, Sea Cucumbers,
Sea Urchins, Sea Stars
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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)
• Arthropoda – insects, arachnids, crustaceans
– Exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed
appendages
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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)
• Chordata - Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals
– Notochord (spine), hollow dorsal nerve cord
(spinal cord), pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
– Subphylums
• Vertebrata - vertebrates
• Cephalochordata “The Lancelets” – fish-shaped animals
with no brains
• Urochordata “The Tunicates” – bags of jelly
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PHYLA: ARTHROPODS
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Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods
• Chelicerata – spiders, mites, scorpions
– Appendages just above/in front of the mouth
– Classes
• Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites
• Pycnogonida – sea spiders
• Merostomata – extinct sea scorpions and horseshoe
crabs
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Orders of Arachnida
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Araneae – true spiders
Opiliones – daddy-long-legs
Scorpiones – scorpions
Acarina – mites and ticks
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Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods
• Myriapods – millipedes, centipedes
– Many body segments each with one or two pairs
of legs
– Classes
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•
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Chilopoda – centipedes
Diplopoda - millipedes
Pauropoda – small, similar to millipedes
Symphyla – look like centipedes but are smaller and
translucent
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Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods
• Hexapods – insects
– Bodies have three parts (anterior head, thorax,
and posterior abdomen), 6 legs
– Classes
• Insecta – insects
• Entognatha - wingless
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Orders of Insecta
• Orders
– Orthoptera – grasshoppers
– Diptera – flies and mosquitoes
– Lepidoptera – butterflies and moths
– Hymenoptera – bees, wasps, and ants
– Coleoptera - beetles
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Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods
• Crustaceans – lobsters, crabs, barnacles,
crayfish, shrimp
– Biramous appendages (claws), primarily aquatic
– Classes
• Branchiopoda – brine shrimp
• Maxillopoda – barnacles
• Malacostraca – crabs, lobsters, shrimp, krill
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PHYLA MOLLUSCA
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Gastropoda
(snails & slugs)
Mollusca
Bivalvia
(clams, oysters, scallops
Cephalopoda
(squid, octopus)
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Classes of Mollusca
• Gastropoda – snails and slugs
– Very diverse group, no defining characteristics
• Cephalopoda – squid, octopus
– Bilateral body symmetry, prominent head, set of
arms or tentacles
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Classes of Mollusca
• Bivalvia – clams, oysters, scallops
– Shell consisting of two asymmetrically rounded
halves called valves joined with a hinge, filter
feeding
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PHYLA CHORDATA - VERTEBRATES
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Chordata
Subphyla:
Urochordata
Class: Agnatha
Subphyla:
Vertebrata
Subphyla:
Cephalochordata
(jawless fish)
Class:
Chondrichtheyes
(cartilaginous fish)
Subclass:
Elasmobranchii
(sharks, rays)
Subclass:
Holocephali
(chimaeras)
Class: Amphibia
Class: Reptilia
Class: Osteichtheyes
(bony fish)
Subclass:
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fish)
Subclass:
Sorcopterygii
(lobe-finned fish)
Class: Aves
Subclass:
Neognathe
Subclass:
Palaegognatha
(flightless)
Class: Mammalia
Subclass:
Prototheria
(egg laying)
Subclass:
Metatheria
(marsupials)
Subclass:
Eutheria
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(placental)
Classes of Vertebrata
• Agnatha – jawless fish
– No jaws, no paired fins, notochord in adults, seven
or more paired gill pouches
– Lampreys and hagfish
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Classes of Vertebrata
• Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes
– Jawed fish, paired fins, paired nares, scales, twochambered hearts, cartilage skeleton
– Subclasses
• Elasmobranchii – sharks and rays
• Holocephali - chimaeras
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Classes of Vertebrata
• Osteichthyes – bony fish
– Bony skeleton, most have gills, most are cold
bloodes
– fish
– Subclasses
• Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish
– Herring
• Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fish
– Coelacanths, lungfish
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Classes of Vertebrata
• Amphibia – amphibians
– Cold blooded, metamorphose from a juvenile
water-breathing form, either to an adult airbreathing form or to a pedomorph that retains
some juvenile characteristics
– Orders
• Anura – frogs and toads
• Caudata – salamanders and newts
• Gymnophiona – caecilians, limbless amphibians that
resemble snakes
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Classes of Vertebrata
• Reptilia – reptiles
– Breath air, lay shelled eggs, scales, cold-blooded,
– Orders
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Crocodilia – crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators
Sphenodontia – tuataras from New Zealand
Squamata – lizards, snakes, worm lizards
Testudines – turtles and tortoises
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Classes of Vertebrata
• Aves – birds
– Winged, bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying
– Subclass
• Neornithes – modern birds
• Superorders
– Palaeognathe – flightless birds
– Neognathae – rest of the birds
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Orders of Aves
• Palaeognathae – flightless birds
– Orders
• Struthioniformes – ostriches, emus, kiwis
• Tinamiformes - tinamous
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Orders of Aves
• Neognathae – rest of the birds
– Orders – 27
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Anseriformes – waterfowl
Charadriiformes – gulls, button-quails, plovers
Sphenisciformes – penguins
Falconiformes – falcons, eagles, hawks
Phaethontiformes – tropicbirds
Strigiformes – owls
Galliformes – fowl, pheasant
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Classes of Vertebrata
• Mammalia – mammals
– Air-breathing, mammary glands, hair or fur, three
middle ear bones, neocortex region in the brain
– Subclasses
• Prototheria – egg laying,
– Monotremes – platypuses and echindnas
• Metatheria – marsupials
• Eutheria - placentals
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Orders of Mammalia
• Metatheria or Marsupialia
– Pouch
– Orders
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Didelphimorphia – opossums
Dasyuromorphia – Tasmanian devil
Peramelemorphia – bandicoots
Diprotodontia – koala, wombats, kangaroos,
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Orders of Mammalia
• Eutheria
– Placental, give birth to more fully developed
young
– Superorder
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•
•
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Xenarthra
Afrotheria
Euarchontoglires
Laurasiatheria
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Orders of Mammalia
• Xenarthra
– Vertebra joints have extra articulations, have
lowest metabolic rates in the class, only exist in
the Americas
– Orders
• Cingulata – armadillo
• Pilosa – sloths, anteater
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Orders of Mammalia
• Afrotheria
– Belong to groups from Africa or of African origin
– Orders
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Afrosoricia – golden moles, otter shrews
Macroscelidea – elephant shrews
Tubulidentata – aardvark
Proboscidea – elephants
Sirenia - manatees
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Orders of Mammalia
• Euarchontoglires
– Orders
• Rodentia – 2 incisors
– rats, squirrels, porcupines, beavers
• Lagomorpha – 4 incisors
– Pika, rabbits, hares
• Dermoptera– gliding mammals
– Flying lemur
• Scandentia
– treeshrews
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Orders of Mammalia
• Euarchontoglires
– Order
• Primate
– Large brains, opposable thumbs, slower rates of development,
vision dominant sensory system
– Lemurs, marmosets, monkeys, gibbons, humans
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Orders of Mammalia
• Laurasiatheria
– Based on similar gene sequences
– Orders
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Erinaceomorpha (Insectavores) – hedgehogs
Soricomorpha – moles, shrews
Cetacea – whales, dolphins, porpoises
Carnivora – cats, dogs, bears, seals, raccoons
Chiroptera – bats
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Orders of Mammalia
• Laurasiatheria
– Orders
• Artiodactyla – even toed
– pigs, hippopotamuses, camels, giraffes, deer, cattle, sheep
• Perissodactyla – odd-toed
– horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses
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Family
• Family
– Division of Orders
– Common families
• Carnivora
– Canidae – dogs
– Ursidae – bears
– Felidae – cats
• Primates
– Hominidae – great apes (humans)
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Genus and Species
• Families are divided into Genus
• Naming of individual species
– Contain two parts
• Genus
– Listed first
– First letter capitalized
• Species
– Listed second
– Not capitalized
– Example – humans
• Homo sapiens
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Genus and Species
• Genus
– Generic name
– Groups animals of the same type
• Usually based on physical features, sometimes on DNA
– Guidelines for deciding what species belong in a
genus
• Monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are
grouped together
• Reasonable compactness – a genus should not be
expanded needlessly
• Distinctness – in regards of evolutionarily relevant
criteria
– Ecology, morphology, or biogeography
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Genus and Species
• Species
– Specific animal
– Definition has changed over the years
• Distinctly-describable type
• Distinct types that could not interbreed
• Distinct types that could breed and produce offspring
that themselves could go on as adults to breed
• “a group that, in natural surroundings, breeds
exclusively within the group”
– Exception wolves, dogs, coyotes
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Genus and Species
• Subspecies
– Some species are divided further
– Either no subspecies or two or more
– Differences more distinct than the differences
between races or breeds but less than differences
between species
– Usually result of geographical distribution
– Criteria
• Different morphology or different DNA
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Genus and Species
• Subspecies
– Criteria
• Different morphology or different DNA
• If two groups don’t interbreed because of something
intrinsic to their genetic make-up  different species
• If two groups would interbreed if an external barrier
were removed  subspecies
• Animals positions (species, subspecies, genus)
are constantly being re-evaluated as more
information is collected
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Genus and Species
• Example
• Order: Carnivora - carnivores
• Family: Canidae – dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals,
coyotes
• Genus:
– Canis – “true dogs” – dogs, wolves, jackals
– Vulpes – “true foxes” - foxes
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Genus and Species
• Genus: Canis
– Canis latrans – coyote
– Canis lupus – gray wolf
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Canis lupus lupus – Eurasian wolf
Canis lupus baileyi – Mexican wolf
Canis lupus dingo – Dingo
Canis lupus familiaris – domestic dog
Canis lupus lycaon – Eastern wolf (Timberwolves)
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Human Classification
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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