Transcript powerpoint notes - Social Circle City Schools

Classification
Shoe activity
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Take one shoe off and place in big group in the
room
Now group the shoes
Classification
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The grouping of organisms based on
similarities.
Allows us to study relationships between
species.
Helps us assign names to organisms.
7 Levels of Classification
(Largest to Smallest)
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
History of Classification and
Taxonomy
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Taxonomy: the science of naming and
classifying organisms.
Aristotle: classified organisms into two groups
 Plants and Animals
The 6 Kingdoms
Today we have a 6 Kingdom System:
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Archaebacteria – Prokaryotes, unicellular, most ancient
Eubacteria – Prokaryotes, unicellular, most modern
bacteria
Protista – Eukaryotes, most unicellular some multicellular,
autotrophs and heterotrophs
Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs,
Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs
Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph &
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Carlous Linnaeus
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Swedish botanist who developed the naming
system for classifying organisms.
Used physical and structural
characteristics to classify
organisms.
Binomial Nomenclature
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System used universally for naming organisms.
Each name consists of two words (Genus and Species)
 First word capitalized
 Second word lower-case
 Both word written in italics
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Ex: Ursus arctos- Scientific Name
(Genus) (species)
Common name is Grizzly Bear.
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Another Example of Naming
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Acer rubrum (Red maple)
 Acer
= genus including
all maple trees
 rubrum = red
How are taxonomic relationships determined?
Structural similarities
 Potential to mate
 Geographical distribution
 Chromosomes - # and structure
 Biochemistry – DNA base sequence
 Evolutionary relationship in the fossil
record (phylogeny)
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Dichotomous Key
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Chart of paired statements used to identify an
organism
EXAMPLE:
1. A. Body kitelike in shape (if viewed from above).......... Go to statement 12
B. Body not kitelike in shape (if viewed from above).........Go to statement 2
2. A. Pelvic fin absent and nose sawlike ........................Family Pristophoridae
B. Pelvic fin present ....................................................Go to statement 3
3. A. Six gill slits present ...............................................Family Hexanchidae
B. Five gill slits present .................................................Go to statement 4
4. A. Only one dorsal fin present .......................................Family Scyliorhinidae
B. Two dorsal fins present ..............................................Go to statement 5
5. A. Mouth at front of head not along underside.....Family Rhinocodontidae
B. Mouth back along underside of head .........................Go to statement 6
Practice Dichotomous Key
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Practice worksheet
Kingdoms Specifics
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Animalia
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Animals are
 Multicellular
 Eukaryotic
 Heterotrophs
 Cells lack cell walls.
Vertebrate vs. Invertebrate
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Invertebrates—animals with no
backbone or vertebral column
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Vertebrates- animals with a backbone
or vertebral column
Vertebrate vs. Invertebrate
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Invertebrates—animals with no
backbone or vertebral column
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Vertebrates- animals with a backbone
or vertebral column
Body Symmetry
Body Terms to Know
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Anterior: front end
Posterior: back end
Dorsal: upper side
Ventral: lower side
Cephalization: concentration of sense
organs and nerve cells at anterior (front)
end of body
Quick Quiz 
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If an animal cell were viewed under a
microscope, what organelles would not be
present in the cell?
TheSPONGES!!
Sponges
THE
PHYLA: Porifera
Phylum: Porifera
Phylum Porifera (the Sponges)
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Porifera means “pore-bearing”
Main features:
 simplest of all animals
 only two cell layers (no tissues, organs,
or systems)
 Sometimes considered a colony of cells
Phylum Porifera continued
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Main features:
 filter feeders (capture food as water
flows through)
 sessile (attached to surface)
 can reproduce sexually or asexually by
budding
Red Beard Sponge
Quick Quiz 
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Why are sponges classified into the Animal
Kingdom?
The Cnidarians!!!
Phylum Cnidaria
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Examples: jellyfish, anemones, corals,
hydra, man-o-wars
Main features:
 stinging cells called nematocysts found
on tentacles
 two cell layers plus jelly-like layer—
mesoglea
 two forms: medusa (tentacles hang
down) and polyp (tentacles project
upward)
Phylum Cnidaria continued
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Main features:
 radial symmetry
 hollow gut (digestion extracellular
and intracellular)
 one opening (mouth and
anus…yummy!)
How a Cnidarian catches a meal
Polyp and Medusa
Quick Quiz 
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What is the name of the stinging cells on all
cnidarians?
Australia’s
Box Jelly…
The most
dangerous
jellyfish
there is!!
Phylum Platyhelminthes
(Common Name: Flat Worms)
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Examples: tapeworms and planaria
Main features:
 three cell layers: ectoderm, mesoderm,
and endoderm
 no body cavity (acoelomate)
 a gastrovascular cavity (only one opening)
 longitudinal muscles
 bilateral symmetry
Planaria
Tapeworm and Scolex (its head)
Phylum Nematoda
(Common Name: Roundworms)
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Examples: hookworms, guinea worms
Main features:
 Have 3 cell layers (same as flatworm)
 Have a pseudocoelom or false body cavity
 Have a complete digestive tract with two
openings—a mouth and an anus
 Longitudinal muscles run the length of their
bodies
 Bilateral Symmetry
 Numerous in soil and terrible human parasites
Typical Nematode
(means thread-like)
Eye Worms- worm infestation of the eye, one of
the leading causes of blindness worldwide. The
photo below shows the surgical removal of one
example.
Ascaris Worm- mainly infects children who swallow
eggs when they put dirty hands into their mouths or
eat vegetables that have not been washed.
Pinworms- most common parasite in children. Eggs are ingested via
mouth when you eat something that has come in contact with
contaminated soil. Female pinworms lay eggs near anus, children scratch
the anus and then eggs are ingested again.
Hookworms- commonly infect humans in warm
climates who walk barefoot on contaminated
soil. Can cause you to feel tired due to loss of
blood.
Guinea Worm Disease
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Guinea worm disease is a parasitic worm infection that
occurs mainly in Africa.
People get infected when they drink standing water
containing a tiny water flea that is infected with the
even tinier larvae of the Guinea worm.
Inside the human body, the larvae mature, growing as
long as 3 feet. After a year, the worm emerges through
a painful blister in the skin, causing long-term suffering
and sometimes crippling after-effects.
Guinea Worms
Trichinella spiralis- enter
body in undercooked pork.
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Phylum Annelida
(Common Name:Segmented
Worms)
Examples: earthworms, leeches, tubeworms
Main characteristics:
 3 cell layers
 True coelom (body cavity)
 2 openings: complete digestive tract
 Longitudinal muscles and circular muscles
 Bilateral symmetry
 Additional Facts:
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Small brain (at least it is a beginning )
Closed circulatory system.
Marine Polychaetes, Tubeworms,
and Leeches
Leeches
Earthworms (mating—ssshhh!)
Phylum Mollusca
Examples: clams and oysters, snails
and slugs, octopus and squid.
 Characteristics:
 Have soft bodies with internal or
external skeleton
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3 Groups of Mollusks
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Gastropods: shell-less or single shelled (snails
and slugs)
Bivalves: 2 shells held together by a muscle
(clams, oysters, mussels, scallops).
Cephalopods: soft bodied in which the head is
attached to the foot. Foot is divided into
tentacles (squid, octopus, nautilus)
Snail
Slug
A Giant Clam
Squid
Octopus
Phylum Arthropoda
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Examples: crabs and lobsters, spiders and
scorpions, centipedes/millipedes, insects
Main features:
 body segments
 jointed appendages (named for this!)
 hard exoskeletons (made of chitin)
 Most have specialized appendages (claws,
antennae, legs, wings, swimmerets, etc).
Growth of Arthropods
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Molting: loss of exoskeleton to allow the
organism to grow.
Metamorphosis: means change. Cycle that
many arthropods go through as they change
from egg to adult.
Quick Quiz 
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What 3 characteristics do all arthropods share?
Groups of Arthropods
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Crustaceans: crabs, shrimp, lobsters,
crayfish, barnacles
Arachnids (spiders): spiders, ticks,
scorpions
Insects: insects, centipedes, millipedes.
Complete Metamorphosisegg, larva, pupa, adult
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http://www.backyardnature.net/metacomp.htm
Botfly maggot
Venomous Spiders (yes, found in
Georgia)
Brown Recluse
bite
after
48
hours
(from above)
(closer-up)
after 2
years
Wood
Tick
Phylum Echinodermataspiny skinned
Examples: starfish, sea cucumbers,
sea urchins, sand dollars
 Characteristics:
 have radial symmetry
 have a water vascular system for
movement and feeding
 Hold onto rocks and structure with
tube feet
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Common Starfish
Sea Urchin
(Echinoderm means “spiny
skin”)
Brittle Star
Sea cucumber
Quick Quiz 
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How do echinoderms move and obtain food?
Phylum Chordata
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All chordates have the following traits at
some point in their life:
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
 Notochord
 Pharyngeal pouches (often called gill slits in
fishes but not the same for mammals)
 Tail that extends beyond the anus
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Chordates Includes
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Non-vertebrate chordates
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Tunicates and lancelets
Vertebrate chordates
Fish
 Amphibians
 Reptiles
 Birds
 Mammals
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Tunicates- filter feeder commonly known
as a sea squirt
Lancelets- small, fish-like, lives on
bottom of ocean in sand.
Quick Quiz 
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Name the kingdom and phylum to which all
vertebrates belong.
Class Agnatha- Jawless Fish
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No appendages, no jaws (duh!)
Most ancient fish
Examples: Lamprey and Hagfish
Are parasites
Heart with 2 chambers (fish in general)
Jawless Fish Feeding on Bony Fish
Class Chondrichthyes- Cartliaginous
Fish
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Stream-lined bodies for fast swimming
Flat bodies for bottom dwelling
Small tooth-like scales
Body made of cartliage
Examples: sharks, skates, rays
Mostly carnivores, some filter feeders
Hammerhead Shark
Stingray
Class Osteichthyes- Bony
Fish
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Bony scales
Fins
Swim bladder that helps them float up and
down.
Bony skeleton (surprise!)
Examples: bass, trout, catfish, seahorse
Heterotrophs: carnivores and herbivores
This will make you think twice about peeing
in the water!
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Candiru, are parasitic freshwater catfish found in Amazon River. The most
feared fish in its waters, even over piranha. They are eel-shaped and
translucent, hard to see in the water. Candiru grow to a size of 6 inches and
have barbels around the head, together with short, backward pointing spines on
the gill covers.
The Candirú waits at the river's murky bottom, searching for its next host by
sampling the water for expelled chemicals, such as urea and ammonia from the
gills of other fish. Once having detected a fish in the vicinity, with a burst of
speed the Candirú darts towards the gill cavity and lodges itself in place with its
spines. Then, with usually fatal consequences for its victim, the Candirú begins
to gnaw a hole towards a major blood vessel and feeds off the host for no more
than a few minutes. It will then dislodge itself and sink back to the river bed in
order to digest its food and wait for its next meal.
This fish is also known to attack humans and animals and swim
into an opening (the vagina, anus, or even the penis—and deep
into the urethra). Because of spines protruding from the fish, it is
almost impossible to remove except through surgery. It locates its
human targets when people urinate near the fish.
Candiru Fish- parasitic freshwater
fish
Catfish
Class Amphibia
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Amphibia means “double life.”
Moist skin
Weak lungs (evolved from swim bladder)
Must have water to reproduce
External Fertilization (egg and sperm unite
outside the body)
Amphibians continued
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Metamorphosis
Adapted to water (webbed feet, flat tails,
no claws, some even have gills)
Cold-blooded (body temperature varies
with the environment)
3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
Examples:
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Frog, Toad, Salamander, Newt
Class Amphibia
Green Tree Frog
Salamander
Newt
Mudpuppy
Quick Quiz 
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What is the difference between internal and
external fertilization?
What characteristics do fish and amphibians
share?
Class Reptilia
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Examples: Snakes, turtles, lizards, and
crocodiles and alligators
First group fully adapted to life on land
Dry scaly skin (water-proof)
3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
Lay amniotic egg- shelled egg, wont dry out,
own water supply.
Internal Fertillization.
Need little water to survive.
Cold-blooded
Baby Komodo Dragon entering from its
egg.
American Alligator
Copperhead
Common Box Turtle
Quick Quiz 
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Name one similarity and one difference between
amphibians and reptiles.
Class Aves- Birds
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Evolved from reptiles (note the scaly feet)
Scales became feathers.
Feathers allow birds to be warm blooded
(constant body temperature)
Lay amniotic eggs
Adapted for flight (beaks, feathers, wings, hollow
bones, air sacs, strong flight muscles.)
4 chambered heart (2 atria, 2 ventricle)
Great Horned Owl
Pileated Woodpecker
Class Mammalia- bats, dogs, whales, etc.
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Characteristics of ALL mammals:
have hair or fur
 Nurse their young with milk from mammary
glands ( thus “mammals”)
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Most bear young live but some lay eggs
Are warm-blooded
Most complex of all animals.
4 chambered heart
Three Major Groups of
Mammals
1. Monotremes (lays eggs)
Lays soft shelled eggs that are incubated
outside of the body
 Egg hatches into young in about 10 days.
 Young is nourished by milk from mother.
 Examples: duck-billed playtypus and 2
different species of spiny anteaters or
echidnas.
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Duck-Bill Playtypus
Echninda or spiny anteater
2. Marsupials- kangaroos, koalas,
wombats
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Bear live young that completes
development in a pouch.
Egg is nourished by small yolk sac in
mother’s reproductive tract.
When food in yolk sac is used up, embryo
leaves mother’s inside and crawls to the
marsupium and spends several months
there getting milk.
Opossum (the only N. American marsupial)
Kangaroo
Koala
SINGLE, BROWN,
KANGAROO, VERY MALE,
SEEKS SINGLE, FEMALE
KANGAROO TO HOP
AROUND, MAKE KANGAROO
BABIES AND SHARE GREEN
BUSHES. HOBBIES INCLUDE
HOPPING, CHEWING ON
GREEN STUFF AND
HOPPING. AGE NOT
IMPORTANT. MUST BE A
KANGAROO, ENJOY HOPPING
AND GREEN STUFF. SERIOUS
INQUIRIES ONLY.
Wombat
3. Placental Mammals
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Nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and
other wastes are exchanged between
embryo and mother through the placenta.
Placenta allows young to develop for a
longer time inside the mother.
Examples: rodents, primates, elephants,
etc.
Kingdom Plantae
Plant Characteristics
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Multicellular
Eukaryotes
Autotrophs- carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll
Cell wall made of cellulose
Alteration of Generations
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Gametophyte—haploid, produces gametes
(close to ground)
Sporophyte—diploid, produces spores
(dominant stage for all plants except moss- top
of plant).
Capsule
Sporophyte- top of plant
Gametophyte- bottom of
plant
Sporophyte
Stalk
Stemlike
structure
Leaflike
structure
Rhizoid
Gametophyte
Non-Vascular Plants
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Plants that DO NOT have tubes to carry water
and nutrients throughout the plant.
Vascular Plants
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Plants that have tubes to carry water and
nutrients from roots to leaves.
Xylem: carries water from root to leaf
 Phloem: carries food from leaf to root
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Bryophytes
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Need water to reproduce
Lack vascular tissue
Capsule
Sporophyte
Stalk
Stemlike
structure
Leaflike
structure
Rhizoid
Gametophyte
Mosses
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Usually 1-2 cm in height
“Leaves” one cell thick
No roots: Rhizoids anchor to ground
“Carpet”—gametophyte stage (dominant stage)
Thin, brown stalk and capsule- sporophyte stage
(sexual rep).
Hornworts
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Sporophytes look like tiny green horns
Liverworts
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Can reproduce
asexually
Seedless Vascular
Plants
Whish Ferns, Club Mosses, Horsetails,
Ferns
Seedless Vascular
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The 1st vascular plants
Have roots, stems, leaves, veins
Examples: Whisk Ferns, Club Mosses,
Horsetails, Ferns
Whisk ferns
Horsetails
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About 1 meter tall
Leaves arranged in whorl along stem joints
Also called scouring rush (contain silica—used to scour
pots and pans during Colonial times)
Vascular Seed Plants
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Seed Plants- Gymnosperms
Do not require water for reproduction so can live
almost anywhere
 Seed is an embryo surrounding by a seed coat.
 Bears seeds directly
on cones- “Naked Seeds”
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Ferns- reproduce by spores
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Large leaves—fronds, divided into leaflets
Underground stems—rhizomes
Found in shade and moist environments
Cycads- Large Cones
Ginkgoes
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Only one living
species—Ginkgo
biloba
Fan-like leaves turn
gold in autumn
Cultivated in China
Pollution resistant
Conifers
General Sherman (left)…CA Mtns…trunk circumference is 26m!
Redwoods…tip of northern CA…can grow to 110m+ tall! (right)
Conifers
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Examples: pine, firs, spruces, junipers, cedars
Most evergreen, leaves needle-like
Methuselah—bristlecone
pine…4600+ yrs. old!
Angiosperms
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Flowering plants
2 classes:
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Monocots- one cotyledon (seed leaf)
Dicots- two cotyledons
Annuals: complete life cycle in one year
Biennials: complete life cycle in 2 years
Perennials: complete life cycle in many years.
Monocots Vs. Dicots
SEEDS
 Monocot: single cotyledon
 Dicot: two cotyledons
Monocot Vs. Dicot
LEAVES
 Monocot: parallel veins
 Dicot: branched veins
Monocot Leaf
Dicot Leaf
Monocot Vs. Dicot
FLOWERS
 Monocot: petals often in multiples of 3
 Dicot: petals often in multiples of 4 or 5
Monocot Flower
Flower
Dicot
Monocot Vs. Dicot
EXAMPLES
 Monocot: lilies, orchids, grasses, grain crops
 Dicot: roses, peas, sunflowers, oaks, maples
Monocots
Dicots
Three Principle Organs of Seed Plants
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Roots: absorb water, dissolve nutrients, anchor
plant
Stems: supports plant, transports nutrients and
water
Leaves: carry out photosynthesis
Fibrous Root
Taproot
Leaves
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Absorb light and carry out photosynthesis
Blades: thin flattened part of leaf
Petiole: stalk that attaches to the stem
Mesophyll: specialized ground tissue packed
with chloroplasts.
Leaves continued…
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Stomata: pore-like openings in leaf that allow carbon
dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out of leaf.
Guard Cells: open and close the stomata
Transpiration: loss of water through the leaves of a
plant.
Cuticle- waxy covering around the outside of a leaf.
Stomata
Stomata
and Guard Cells
Reproduction in Seed Plants
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Unlike ferns and mosses, seed plants don’t need
water to reproduce.
Seed plants rely on wind and animals to disperse
their seeds for reproduction.
Reproduction in Angiosperms
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Flower: reproductive organ in angiosperms.
Perfect Flower: contains both male and female
parts.
Imperfect Flower: contains only male or female
parts.
Parts of the Flower
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Petal: often brightly colored to attract
pollinators (birds and bees)
Sepal: outermost part, green leaf like structure
at bottom of flower.
Peta
l
Sepal
Male Parts of a Flower

Stamen: male reproductive organ which
contains:
Filament: thin stalk that supports the anther
 Anther: sac where pollen grains are produced.
 Pollen: sperm

STAMEN- MALE
Pollen
Anther
Filament
Pollination
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Most Gymnosperms are pollinated by wind.
Most angiosperms are pollinated by animals
(birds and bees).
Germination
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Early growth stage of plant embryo: seed
absorbs water and seed coat cracks.
Seed Germination
Seed and Fruit Development
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As angiosperm seeds mature, the ovary wall
thickens and join with other parts of the flower
to form a fruit that encloses the developing
seeds.
Fruit: an enlarged ovary
Fruits have seeds (unless they have been
genetically engineered).