Transcript 476c0f3fe79bf48

Linnean Systematics
The use and construction of species
names
Systematic Palaeontology
What is a species?
A group of individuals that interbreed or have potential to interbreed and
that do not interbreed with other interbreeding groups
Linnaeus 1753, Systema Naturae
First use of three kingdoms - animal, vegetable and mineral
Taxonomic hierarchy
Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies
Variety
Various other sub-groups
Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature
1. Governed by sets of rules:
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/tokyo-e/
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
http://www.iczn.org
International Code of Bacteriology
2. Names must be written in the same alphabet and the
same language – Latin
3. Rules governing correct procedure for definition and
description of taxa and priority, etc.
types, diagnosis, description, type level and locality
Systematics
Codes - Botanical or Zoological rules?
Binomial nomenclature – proper use of genus & species names
Criteria of publication
What is a valid publication?
Date of Publication – The oldest name is the valid one.
Validity – How to select the valid name, in case of 2 or more
Priority, Homonyms, synonyms
Formation and treatment of names
Gender, latinisation, spelling rules
Family group taxa
Noun in the plural based on a valid genus
Genus group taxa
Noun in the nominative plural
Species
Numerous forms, but must agree in gender with the genus
Date
(pre- or post 1930 must satisfy different articles ICZN)
Authorship – the first person who described the genus
Types
E.g. type genus, type species, holotype, paratype, neotype, etc.
Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature
Typification
Holotype: the reference specimen used by the describing author
Paratype(s): Additional specimen(s) from the type locality
designated by the describing author.
Lectotype: a subsequently chosen type from the original
material
Neotype: a specimen chosen to replace a lost type.
Legitimacy
A name that is used in accordance with the appropriate code
(a name that is valid under one code is also valid under the rules
of another code).
Priority
When two or more names apply to the the same taxon, it is the
oldest one that should be used - the correct or valid name (the
are synonyms)
Senior synonym - the older and therefore valid name
Junior synonym - the younger and therefore invalid name
Homonyms: the same name describing different types or
species, and therefore illegitimate.
Legitimacy
 Are names Legitimate?
 A name that is legitimate under rules of one
code is also legitimate under rules of a different
code
 Therefore, Rules of Priority apply between
codes
Example: the case of Arthrodendron, a
Foraminifer (animal) first described as a plant.
The plant name is the oldest, and therefore is
the valid name.
Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature
Citation of names
Latin Grammar:
Rule 1: Genus names behave like latin nouns, species
names like adjectives; names are italicised
Rule 2: Species and genus names must agree in gender.
Nominative case
-us (masc); -a (fem.) -um (neuter)
Genitive case -i or -ii (masc, neuter); -ae (fem.)
e.g., Globigerina rubra d’Orbigny, 1839
But: Globigerinoides ruber (d’Orbigny, 1839).
Other commonly used species endings include:
-ensis; -opsis; -ella; -oides; -iformis
Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature
Citation of species names - simple case
Ammodiscus nagyi
Genus
species
Name is written in italics with genus name capitalized.
More formally, the authorship is added
Ammodiscus nagyi Kaminski, 1989
date of publication
Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature
Citation of names – the use of ():
When names have been re-assigned to other genera:
Crepidolithus crassus
is formally cited
Crepidolithus crassus (Deflandre in Deflandre & Fert,
1954) Noël, 1965 n.comb.
(ICBN users cite the author that re-assigns the species to
a different genus)
ICZN users have no requirement to do so, e.g.,
Globigerinoides ruber (d’Orbigny).
Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature
Citation of names - some more complex rules
Citation of a subgenus
- Globorotalia (Fohsella) fohsi
Citation of a subspecies
- Globorotalia (Fohsella) fohsi robusta
Citation of a species group
Gaudryina ex gr. dividens
Tentative identification of a species
Gaudryina cf. dividens; Gaudryina aff. G. dividens
An Unidentified Species - Gaudryina sp.
More than one species, identified to the genus level only
Gaudryina spp.
Examples of types
“Syntypes” - several
specimens preserved in a glass
vial - several vials in different
museums.
Alcide d’Orbigny, 1826
Type specimens - definitions
 Syntypes – several specimens chosen to
represent a new species (old concept).
 Holotype: the reference specimen used by
the describing author
 Paratype(s): Additional specimen(s) from
the type locality designated by the describing
author.
 Lectotype, Paralectotype: subsequently
chosen types from the original material.
 Neotype: a specimen chosen to replace a lost
type.
Description of a new species
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Name.
Synonyms (if any)
Derivation of name.
Diagnosis in Latin. (requirement for plants only)
Description.
Dimensions.
Holotype / Paratype(s): Give Location and registration
numbers
 Type locality.
 Type level.
 Occurrence. (Geographical and in geological time)
Publication
New taxonomic
names must be
Published in a
journal or other
Scientific publication
(Since 2000, may be
on the internet).
Deposition of types in a museum
Catalogue entry – registration number
Top Zoology Museums
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Smithsonian Institution
NHM London
NHM Paris
NHM Vienna
Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt
AMNH, New York
NHM Berlin, Brussels, Stockholm, Oslo,
Bucharest, Budapest, etc.
Original description
Lectotypification
Lectotypification
Principle of Priority
Two different species with the
same name:
 Trochammina elegans
Egger, 1893
 Trochammina elegans
Grzybowski, 1898
 Which name has priority?
 What to do with the other
species name?
 Nomen novum – make a
new name!
Synonymy lists
Synonymy lists
 Listing a species’ original citation, and first revisor
Or subsequent citation
Synonymy lists
 Listing a species formerly identified as a
different species
Synonymy lists
 Listing a species tentatively identified
Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature
What we expect you to understand:
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use of Linnean binomial nomenclature
“type concept”
constriction & citation of taxonomic names
concept of re-combination
identification of synonyms
use of a taxonomical catalogue (e.g., Foraminifera)
You should be able to understand the nomenclatural history
of a species from a list of synonyms published in a
palaeontological journal.
You should be able to describe existing and new taxa.
You should demonstrate your ability to cite and describe taxa
correctly in your reports.
Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature
The Zoological Code (IZBN)
Endings
Phylum: -mycota
Class: -opsida
Order: -ida
Suborder -ina
Family: -idae
Subfamily -inae
Species: various, but –i after male name,
-ae after female name
International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature, at
the NHM (London).
Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature
The Botanical Code (ICBN)
Endings
Division (=Phylum): -phyta
Class: -phyceae
Order: -ales
SuperFamily: -aceae
Species: various, but –ii after male name
Subgenera rarely employed
Holotypes - drawing or photo, not specimen
Living species - diagnosis in Latin