Transcript Phylums
Plant Experiment For the first 15 min. of class you must observe your plants. – Measure the growth – Record any color changes, and # of sprouts When complete answer the following: – List the characteristics of members of the animal kingdom – Give an example of an animal Brainstorm Kingdom Animalia Preclass List the characteristics of members of the animal kingdom Give an example of an animal ~ Characteristics ~ Multicellular Sexual and asexual reproduction Eukaryotic with no cell walls Locomotion relates to ability to obtain food Digestion occurs internally –respiration Heterotrophs (consumers) Have a nervous system to respond to their environment Bones Vertebrates – Have a backbone – Fish, frogs, snakes, birds, dogs, cats, and humans Invertebrates – No backbone – Sponges, jellyfish,worms, snails, sea stars, and insects Eight Types of Invertebrates Phylums Echinodermata- sea stars, sea urchins Arthropoda- insects, arachnids, crustaceans Nematoda- round worms Molluska- squid,snails, bivalves Annelida- segmented worms Platyhelminthes- flat worms Cnidaria- jelly fish Porifera- sponges Consumers Rely on other organisms for energy – Herbivore – Omnivore – Carnivore – Decomposers*** – Scavenger Animal Behavior Learned behavior- learned from experience Innate behavior-doesn’t depend on learning or experience – What are your innate behaviors? Survival Behavior Predators and Prey – Animals that eat other animals are predators – Prey is the animal being eaten Hiding out – Camouflage-blending in with the environment Ex. Walking stick Warning coloration – Bright = flight Troubling Signals – Bull horns, porcupine quills, spraying of the skunk and beetle, stinging creatures Seasonal Behavior World travelers – When food is scarce, or during droughts animals migrate or travel from one place to another – Ex. Salmon, chimps, birds Slowing down – Some animals hibernate or have a period of inactivity and decreased body temperature during the winter time – Some animals estivate or reduce activity during the summer when resources are scarce Biological Biological clock is an internal control of natural cycles Daily cycles are circadian rhythms – Most animals wake at the same time each day and get sleepy around the same time Communication Includes a signal and response – Sight, sound, touch, and smell Two types – Courtship – Territorial Living in Groups Advantages for hunting and escaping ~ Body Plans ~ Animals that are irregular in shape are asymmetrical. Animals that are regular in shape are symmetrical. ~ Body Plans ~ An animal has radial symmetry if it can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into equal halves. An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves forming mirror images of each other. Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry? ~ Protection and Support ~ Though not all animals have a skeleton, those that do can be divided into two groups: – Those with an exoskeleton – a hard, waxy coating on the outside of the body that protects internal organs, provides a framework for support, and a place for muscle attachment. – Those with an endoskeleton – support framework within the body that protects some organs and a brace for muscles to pull against. ~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla No backbones 95% of all animals are in this group ~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ Sponges Sexual (hermaphrodite) and Asexual (budding) simplest form of animal life live in water Do not move around no symmetry Pores (holes) all over body 5000 species ~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ Filter Feeders: a sponge filters particles of food from water using collar cells and then pumps the water out the osculum. ~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ Live in water Most have tentacles catch food with stinging cells gut for digesting ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ 2 different shapes Medusa - like a jellyfish Polyp - like a hydra ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ Examples Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Flatworms Flat, ribbon-like body Live in water or are parasites bilateral symmetry ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Examples: Planaria eyespots detect light food and waste go in and out the same opening ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Examples: Tapeworm Parasite that lives in intestines of host absorbing food ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Examples: Fluke parasite lives inside of host ~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ Roundworms – Round, tubular body – small or microscopic – bilateral symmetry – have both a mouth and anus – Live in water or are parasites ~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ Examples: – Hookworm – Trichinella ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Soft bodies Hard Shells Live on land or in water have a circulatory system and a complex nervous system. Important food source for humans ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Gastropoda – snails and slugs – may have 1 shell – stomach-footed move on stomach ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Bivalves – 2 shells hinged together – clams, oysters, scallops and mussels ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Cephalopods –squids and octopuses –internal mantel ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ –Segemented worms – Body divided into segments(sections) – Live in water or underground – have a nervous and circulatory system ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ Class Earthworms eat soil and breakdown organic matter, wastes provide nutrients to soil ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ Class bristleworms ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ Class leeches parasites that feed on blood of other animals ~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~ Hard, spiny skin Live in salt water Radial symmetry name means ‘spiney skinned’ endoskeleton ~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~ Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Body divided into sections/segments Exoskeleton Jointed legs well developed nervous system largest group of organisms on earth ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ 3 subphylums: Classified into classes according to the number of legs, eyes and antennae they have. ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata is divided into 3 classes Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites Merostomata – horseshoe crabs Pycnogonida – sea spiders ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata Class – Arachnida no antennae 4 pairs of legs 2 body regions - cephalothorax & abdomen spiders, scorpions, mites & ticks ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata Class Merostomata Horseshoe crabs – Ancient group of species – Changed little over 350 million years – Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic & gulf coasts of United States. ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata Class Pycnogonida – Sea spider ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum - Crustacea 5 Classes Aquatic ones have gills 2 antennae 2 body regions or segmented Shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, isopods Many species taste delicious in butter Subphylum Uniramia: 3 classes Class Insecta (insects) Class Chilopoda (Centipedes) Class Diplopoda (Millipedes) ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia Class Insecta no antennae 3 pairs of legs 2 body regions - head, thorax & abdomen grasshoppers, ants, butterflies, bees ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia Class Diplopoda Millipedes segmented animals Have 2 pairs of legs per segment Primarily herbivores & decomposers ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia Class Chiopoda Centipedes Usually terrestrial carnivores Have 1 pair of antennae Are often poisonous, using modified front claws to immobilize prey Animals with a backbone and nervous system Vertebrates What Are Vertebrates? Animals with a backbone and a skull Skeleton made of cartilage Largest group of chordates – Chordates have 4 special body parts Notochord- found in embryos, supports the body Hollow nerve chord- fluid filled backbone (spinal chord) Pharyngeal pouches- in embryos, form gills Tail- may be only in embryo stage – Two other chordate groups include Lancelets and tunicates Regulating body temperature Endotherm- maintain same temp. (warmblooded) Ectotherm- body temp. fluctuates with environment ~ Phylum Chordata ~ subphylum Vertebrata 5 classes Fish Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Birds Fishes Describe the three classes of living fish and give an example of each Types of Fish Cartilaginous Fishes- No bones, include sharks, skates, and rays – Covered with denticles to give a rough feeling – Moveable jaws – Store oil in liver for floating- Must keep swimming Bony Fishes (largest group)- gold fish and tuna – Skeleton made of bone, covered with boney scales – Swim bladder helps with floating Jawless- lampreys and hagfish, they are eel like with smooth skin and a jawless mouth. – They have skull, brain, eyes, and notochord- NO BACKBONE Amphibians Terms to learn – Lung – Tadpole – metamorphosis Amphibians Ectotherms Most are frogs or salamanders Skin is thin, smooth, and moist Double-Life – Lay eggs without shells in a wet environment – Tadpoles can only live in water – Later they develop into land dwellers Kinds of Amphibians Slamanders – Modern amphibians- long tailed with 4 legs – Live in water – 390 species Caecilians – Shaped like worms and snakes – Bony scales, most are blind – Live in tropical areas Kinds of Amphibians continued… Frogs – 90 % of amphibians are frogs or toads – Powerful legs for jumping – Ears, vocal cords, extendable tongue Frogs have vocal sac Reptiles Define amniotic egg and therapsid Characteristics of Reptiles Thick Dry Skin- Keeps cells from loosing water by evaporation Coldblooded- ectotherms Amniotic Egg-has a shell – Protection and moisture – Internal fertilization Types of Reptiles Crocodiles and Alligators – Carnivores – Live in water Lizards Snakes – No legs! – Carnivores that swallow their eggs whole – Venomous or Constrictors Turtles and tortoises – Shell – Turtles live in water or on land Birds List the characteristics of birds Describe the flight process of birds Characteristics of birds Amniotic eggs Endotherms Feathers Some Fly Migration Characteristics of Mammals Mammary Glands Endotherms Diaphram- helps draw air into a straw Specialized teeth Fur Types of Mammals Monotremes- lay eggs, produce milk Marsupials- live birth, embryos develop in a pouch Types of Mammals…continued Placental Mammals – Embryo stays inside the mother’s body and develops in the uterus