1 ANIMALS Characteristics
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Transcript 1 ANIMALS Characteristics
The Kingdom ANIMALS
Eukaryotic cells
Multicellular
Heterotrophic by ingestion
Classification Tools for Animals
1. Body Symmetry
2. Level of Body Organization
3. Body Cavities:Presence of a Coelom
4. Embryological Development: Protostome vs
Deterostome
5. Segmentation / Cephalization
6. Presence of a Notochord
7. Presence of a Vertebral Column
1. Body Symmetry
A. Asymmetry
B. Radial Symmetry
C. Bilateral Symmetry
D. (Pentaradial symmetry – Echninoderms)
a. Asymmetry –No symmetry at all!
Example: Porifera
Sea Sponges and Corals
Porifera
Radial Symmetry
Example: Cnidaria
Cnidaria and Radial Symmetry
Cnidaria actually go
through a
developmental
stage of bilateral
symmetry before
they develop their
radial symmetry as
an adult.
Sea
Anemone
Crown Jellyfish
Soft Coral Polyps
Bilateral Symmetry
– Candy striped Annelid
Blue Spotted Sting Ray
Marine Flatworm
African Elephants
2. Levels of Organization
A. Cellular – no true tissues
B. Tissues
C. Organ
a. Cellular Level of Organization
Porifera are
really just an
assemblage of
different
specialized
cells. They
have no tissues
or organs
b. Tissue Level of Organization
Cnidaria have two tissue layers surrounding it’s sac
body plan. They do not have any organs or organ
systems
c. Organ Level of Organization
Platyhelminthes
(flatworms) are the first
animals on the
phylogenetic tree that
have simple organs.
They have very primitive
“brains” in their “heads”called cephalization
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)- have
simple organs and exhibit simple
cephalization
Organ System Level of
Organization
As we move up
the evolutionary
tree, organ
systems become
increasingly more
complicated
Body Cavities
A. Sac body plan
B. tube-within-a-tube body plan
- Acoelomates
- Pseudocoelomates
- Coelomates
a. Sac Body Plan – only one opening for
food to enter and wastes to exit
Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria (jellyfish)
Platyhelminthes
(flatworms)
b. Tube-Within-A-Tube Body Plan
Implies that there is an entrance (mouth) for
nutrients and an exit (anus) for wastes
Most primitive animal with this plan:
Nematodes
Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates,
and Coelomates
Acoelomates:
Animals without a Coelom
There is no internal body cavity aside from the
digestive cavity
Pseudocoelomates: Animals with an
internal body cavity that is partially lined with
mesoderm
Coelomates:
Animals with a true Coelom
A true coelom is an
internal body cavity that
is completely lined with
mesoderm
4. Embryo
Development:
Protostome vs.
Deuterostome
5. Segmentation – Annelids, Arthropods
and Chordates
Repetition of body parts along the length of the
body
Leads to specialization of parts because
various segments can become differentiated
for specific purposes
Segmentation
- easily seen in
the Arthropods
6. Presence of a Notochord
A notochord is a supporting rod that runs down
the dorsal surface, just below the nerve cord.
Animals that have a notochord are called
chordates.
Vertebrate vs
Invertebrate.
External
Fertilization
vs
Internal
Fertilization
a. Invertebrate Chordates:
Tunicates
most animals that have
notochords also have
vertebrate. However,
there are 2 groups that
do not.
Those animals that do
not have vertebrate are
called the
INVERTEBRATE
CHORDATES
a. Invertebrate Chordates:
Lancelets
Vertebrates –
Chordates with a backbone