Kingdom animalia
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Transcript Kingdom animalia
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Fun stuff!!
SEPARABLE CHARACTERISTICS
No cell wall
Sexual reproduction is the norm
Dominant life cycle stage is diploid
Most animals are motile
Most have muscle & nervous tissue
Multicellular heterotrophs
Animals store glucose as glycogen
Plants store glucose as starch
DEFINITIONS
Zygote – Fertilized Egg
Cleavages – mitotic cell divisions w/o cell growth
between cycles
Blastula – A hollow ball of cells surrounding a
cavity called the blastocoel
Gastrula – form that begins to feature embryonic
tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Ectoderm – Outer tissue layer
Endoderm – Inner tissue layer
Blastophore – opening into the gastrula
Archenteron – pouch formed by gastrulation
ANIMALS CHARACTERIZED BY…
1.
Body Plan or symmetry
1.
2.
No symmetry – sponges
Radial symmetry – any cut through central axis =
mirror images
1.
3.
Example: Cnidarians
Bilateral symmetry – Right & left sides
1.
2.
3.
Most Chordates, molluscs, arthropods, annelids, &
nematodes
Dorsal (back) & Ventral (front)
Anterior (head) & posterior (tail)
ANIMALS CHARACTERIZED BY…
1.
Body Cavity
1.
Acoelomates – No cavity between their alimentary
canal and the outer wall of their bodies
-- Playthelminths
1.
Pseudocoelomates – cavity formed from mesoderm
and endoderm
-- Nematoda
1.
Coelomates –
-- Mollusca, annelida, arthropoda,
echinodermata, & chrodata
EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESSION
Choanoflagellates
Bilateri
a
Eumetazo
a
Parazo
a
Radiat
a
EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESSION
CONTINED
(NOTE: THIS SLIDE STARTS @ BILATERIA)
Protosomes
Bilateri
a
Body
Cavity
Acoelomates
Coelomates
Pseudocoelomates
Deuterosome
s
EVOLUTIONARY LINKAGE
Choanoflagellates
4 major branching points from choanoflagellates
Following multicellularity came the first branch
point into Parazoa (Protista) and Eumetazoa
Eumetazoa branches due to body symmetry
1.
2.
1.
1.
Radiata – radial symmetry, single orientation
-- Jellyfish, corals, and hydras
Bilateria – Bilateral symmetry, top/bottom
(dorsal/ventral) and head / tail (anterior/posterior)
Bilateria branch due to vascularity & body cavity
3.
1.
1.
Acoeleomates – No blood vascular system, and no coelem
-- Coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity
Those with a fluid-filled body cavity
EVOLUTIONARY LINKAGES
Those with a fluid filled body cavity can be
separated into:
Pseudocoelomates
Fluid-filled body cavity not enclosed by mesoderm
Roundworms
Coelomates
Possess coelom that is derived from the mesoderm
Protosomes vs. Deuterosomes
Protosomes – bilaterally symmetric, (first hole)
The first indentation develops into the mouth
Annelids, arthropods, & mollusks
DEUTEROSOMES
First indentation develops into the anus
Second indentation develops into the mouth
Chordates & echinoderms
The difference between Protosomes &
Deuterosomes is in embryonic development
Protosomes – first embryonic indent develops into the
mouth
Deuterosomes – the first embryonic indent takes an
ugly turn – it develops into the anus, not the mouth
ANIMALIA : 9 MAIN PHYLA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminths
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
3 GERM OR CELL LAYERS
Ectoderm – outer layer cover
Mesoderm – Muscle & organ layer
Endoderm – Digestive tract
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN
ANIMALIA
PHYLUM PORIFERA
Sponges
Simple creatures
Marine & fresh water
No true tissues, so no organs
No specialized cellular function
Most are Hermaphroditic - perform female &
male functions
Can reproduce sexually or asexually
Sessile – do not move
Suspension feeders
If you cut a sponge, it will spontaneously
reaggregate back into a sponges
ARE YOU SPONGEWORTHY?
PORIFERA PHYSIOLOGY
Water flows into the sponge through Porocytes,
entering a cavity called Spongocoel
The spongocoel is lined with feeding cells called
choanocytes
Choanocytes beat their flagella to create a current
that draws water into the porocytes
Ameobocytes – transfer nutrients to other cells of
the sponge’s body
CNIDARIA
Eumetazoans
Jellyfish & Corals
Radial Symmetry
Lack Mesoderm
2 Body arrangements:
Polyp – Asexual, cylinder-shaped, & Attached
Medusa – Sexual, flat, and Roams for food
Use tentacles to capture & eat prey
CNIDARIA
QUESTIONS
1.
Are Cnidarians protosomes or deuterosomes?
2.
How do sponges feed?
3.
What are Choanocytes & what is their function?
PLATYHELMINTHS
Flatworms
Acoelomates
Protosomes
Bilaterally symmetrical
Some Cephalization – Formation of head
structure
3 Important forms
Flukes – Parasitic & alternate between asex & sex
reprod.
Planarians – Free-living carnivores in fresh water
Tapeworms – Parasitic flatworms that tend to live in
vertebrates, like humans!!
ROTIFERA
Pseudocoelomates
Bilateral Symmetry
Separate mouth & anus
Microscopic
True digestive canal
NEMATODA
Roundworms
Protosomes
Pseudocoelomates
Bilaterally Symmetric
Some cause Trichinosis
GI illness due to tainted pork
MOLLUSCA
Snails, slugs, octopus, & squid
Protosomes
Coelomates – full digestive systems
Soft body with calcium-containing shell
Bilateral symmetry
Bivalves – Clams and Oysters
Have hinged shells that are divided into 2 parts
ANNELIDA
Segmented Worm
Earthworms & Leaches
Protosome, Bilaterally Symmetrical, Coelomates
Digestive tract is tube-within-a-tube
Hermaphroditic
Blood with hemoglobin
Closed circulatory system
Gas diffusion across skin
Nephridia used for excretion – precursor to
kidneys
EARTHWORM ANATOMY
ARTHROPODA
Protosome Coelomate
Jointed Appendages
Segmented: head, thorax, & abdomen
Chitinous exoskeleton
May have a larval stage
Open circulatory system
Malphigian tubules – removes nitrogenous waste
Trachea – air ducts, bring air in from the
environment
Some have book lungs or gills
ECHINODERMATA
Sea stars
Deuterosome coelomates
Sessile or slow moving
Bilateral symmetry as embryo, but reverts to
primitive form of symmetry (radial) as an adult
Water Vascular system
Sexual Reproduction – External fertilization
Asexual Reproduction – fragmentation &
regeneration
Calcium based endoskeleton
ECHINODERMATA PHYSIOLOGY
Examples of
Echinoderm
s
CHORDATA
Deuterosome coelomates
Invertebrates & Vertebrates
Vertebrates – possessing backbone
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord – forms the nervous
system & becomes the Brain & spinal cord
Notochord – Long support rod that is replaced by
bone in vertebrates
Pharyngeal Gill slits – functions in breathing or
feeding
Tail – Lost in many animals by birth
CHORDATES
Can be homeothermic (homo – same) or
poikilothermic
Homeothermic – maintains consistent body
temperature
Birds & Mammals
Poikilothermic – Cold blooded, attain heat from
external environment
Iguanas and cold environment
MAMMALS
Mothers provide milk to their young
Hair or Fur
Composed of Keratin
Homeotherms – Maintain stable internal
environment
Can be a placental, marsupial, or monotreme
mammal
3 BASIC CATEGORIES OF
MAMMALS
1. Placental Mammals (Eutherians)
-- Embryo develops internally in a uterus
-- Placenta – Part of uterus that connects
embryo to mother, allows nutrients to diffuse
from mother, but serve as barrier to protect
embryo as well
2. Marsupials
-- Born early in embryonic development but
completes its development while nursing in
the mother’s pouch
3. Monotremes
-- Egg-laying mammals
-- Derive nutrients from a shelled egg
-- Duck-billed platypus
MAMMALS EXAMPLES
G. W. Chimp
Karl Rove
Kangaroo
So that’s where Scooter
Libby has been hiding
PRIMATA
Descended from insectivores
Dexterous hands & opposable thumbs
Nails – instead of claws
Eyes are front-facing & set close together
Creates overlapping fields of vision
Enhances depth perception and hand-eye
coordination
Significant amount of energy devoted to
parenting
Single birthing
Nurture young for extended time periods
Gorillas, Chimps, Gibbons, Old-world & Newworld monkeys
Phylum
COMPLETE
THE
TABLE
Example
-Some
Coelom
Symmetry
Porifera
Sponge
Cnidaria
Hydra
Platyhelminth
s
Planaria
Nematoda
Pinworm
Annelida
Earthworm
Mollusca
Clam
Arthropoda
Insect
Echinodermat
a
Starfish
Chordata
Dog/Huma
n
Germ
Layer
s
Phylum
COMPLETED
TABLE
-Some
Coelom
Symmetr
Example
y
Germ
Layer
s
None
1
A
Radial
1
P
A
Bi
1
Pinworm
P
Pseudo-
Bi
2
Annelida
Earthwor
m
P
Coelomat
e
Bi
3
Mollusca
Clam
P
Coelomat
e
Bi
3
Arthropoda
Insect
P
Coelomat
e
Bi
3
Echinoderma
ta
Starfish
Deuter
o
Coelomat
e
Bi
3
Chordata
Dog/Huma
n
Deuter
o
Coelomat
e
Bi
3
Porifera
Sponge
Proto
Cnidaria
Hydra
P
Platyhelmint
hs
Planaria
Nematoda
Acoelom-
SUMMARIZE INFO FOR THE
KINGDOMS
Focus on Differentiating Characteristics