Transcript Module 3-1 The Road User

THE ROAD USER
Copyright © 2016 STC, UK
PART I--OVERVIEW
Some Statistics-2013
 More drivers now than ever (212 mil)
 Most people who can drive do (85%)
 More elderly drivers (65+ 17.3%)
 Fewer teen-age drivers (4.2%)
 Slightly more females
2013 Highway Statistics, FHWA
20
15
10
5
2013
2010
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
0
1965
Driving Population (%)
Elderly Drivers (65+)
Year
Male
Female
Highway Statistics, FHWA
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
Male
Year
2013
2010
2005
2000
1995
1990
Driving Population (%)
Teenage Drivers (<20)
10
5
0
Female
Highway Statistics, FHWA
Why Need to Talk About it?
 Crashes
 Licensing
 Aging
 New technologies
The Driving Task
 Seeing
 Perceiving
 Understanding
 Reacting
1.5-2 sec
Vision
 Roadway design to
accommodate the 20/40 or
20/50 driver
 Factors affecting vision
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Visual field reductions
Visual acuity
Accommodation
Glare/Sensitivity
Visual Field
Detection
 Driver expectancy
 Dynamic environment
Perception & Reaction
 Ability to ignore irrelevant
information
 Use of redundancy
 Immediate recall
 Mental workload
 Physical abilities
Mental Workload
 While driving, a driver has to
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observe traffic
react to traffic conditions
navigate vehicle
think continuously
fumble with other stuff
Outside the Vehicle
 Built environment
 Traffic Control Devices
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Traffic signs
Traffic signals
Pavement markings
New generation signs
 Other vehicles
Inside the Vehicle
 Radios
 Cellular phones
 Passengers
 New generation devices
What to Do?
PART II—ATTITUDES AND
BEHAVIOR
Driver Aspects
 Performance: What the user CAN
DO
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Perceptual abilities
Motor skills
 Behavior: What the user DOES
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Judgments
Emotions
Options
Risks
Basic Relationships
 Skill & task difficulty
 Task difficulty & safety
 “We drive as we live”
Racing vs Normal Drivers
Williams and O’Neill; AAP 6:263-270; 1974
How Fast?
Wasiliewski, AAP 16:89-103; 1984
Driver Personality
 Psychological factors
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Tension tolerance
Stress
Personality disorder
Immaturity
 Social factors
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Maturity
Attitudes against law
Other Motives and Safety
 Competitiveness
 Sense of power/control
 Pleasure/thrill seeking
 Showing off
Risk and Age/Gender
Traffic Safety Facts 2006, NHTSA
Speed Choice
 Sensual vs Utilitarian reasons
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Economic
Speed limit
Safe
Actual
Pleasant
 Probability to be killed
Better Than Average?
 Illusory superiority
 Increased driving leads to false
security
 Notice other people’s fault
Social Norms
 Use of automobiles in movies
 Attitudinal changes over time
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Seat belt use
Alcohol use
 Value of life
HOW TO IMPROVE AND
WHAT TO DO?