Transcript What are the factors that effect curriculum?

What are the factors that effect
curriculum?
Who decides what is in the
curriculum?
Curriculum Changes Reflect:
• Changes in Mathematics.
• Changes in Teaching and Learning
• Changes in Society.
History of Mathematics
Education
What is School?
What is Learning?
What is Curriculum?
Important Events 1850-1920
• 1909 Education became compulsory.
• Steam Engines, Airplanes and the
Telephone were invented.
• The field of Psychology was established.
• Darwin’ s Theory of Evolution.
Heroes of the day.
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Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller
J. P. Morgan
Henry Ford
Inflation was rampant.
Factory Model
• Our schools are, in a sense, factories in
which the raw material(children) are to be
shaped and fashioned into products to meet
various demands of twentieth-century
civilization and it is the business of the
school to build its pupils to the
specifications that are laid out.
• -Ellwood P. Cubbery - 1910
Factory Model
• Raw Material
– Children
• Machinery
– Teachers
• Specifications
– Curriculum
Efficiency Experts
• Frederick Taylor
• Frank Spaulding
• Franklin Bobbit - Platoon Schools
Spaudling’s Principles
Define quantitative and quantitative standards must
be determined for the product.
The material that is acted upon (students) by the
labor process passes through a number of
progressive stages on its way from raw material to
the ultimate product. Definite qualitative and
quantitative standards must be determined at each of
the stages.
Consequences
Students is solely viewed as a piece of raw material
and thus must be controlled at all times.
A preoccupation with testing which overstates what
in fact the test may indicate.
A limited view of what mathematics is.
Concepts of Learning
Darwin
Evolution
E. L. Thorndike
Bond Theory
Learing as a bond betwe en stimulus a nd response.
BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY
John De wey
Child Study
Learning as
a growth proce ss
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
B. F. Skinne r
Be havioralist
Brownell
Cognitive Psycology
Ga gne
Task Anaysis
Je rore Bruener
Structuralist
Je an Piaget
Stage s of de velopment
Blooms Taxonomy
Construc tivists
Van Heile
Level of Geometric Conc eption
BEHAVIORAL MATHEMATICS
INSTRUCTION
• Algorithms.
• Repetitive but separate similar stimuli.
• Efficient for skill development - although
research suggest that it is short lived.
• Teacher is worker. Students passive.
Cognitive
• Focus on Problem Solving.
• Multiple Representations and Solutions.
• Dependent upon children’s stages of
development.
• Student active learners.
Time
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1920-1930 Behavioral.
1930-1944 Cognitive.
1945- 1957 Behavioral.
1957 - 1973 Cognitive - “New Math.”
1973- 1985 Behavioral “Back to Basics.”
1990 - 200X ???????? Reform Movement.
Standards Movement
• 1980 Agenda for Action -PRIME Project
NCTM
• Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for
School Mathematics (NCTM, 1989)
• Principal and Standards for School
Mathematics(NCTM, 2000)
Comparison Of Standards
• NCTM
• NYSED
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Number and Operations
Algebra
Geometry
Measurement
Data Analysis and Probability
*Problem Solving
*Reasoning and Proof
*Communication
*Connections
*Representation
• *same for all grade levels
Mathematical Reasoning
Number and Numeration
Operations
Modeling/Multiple
Representations
• Measurement
• Uncertainty
• Patterns and Functions
New NYSED
NCTM
• Number and Operations
• Algebra
• Geometry
• Measurement
• Data Analysis and Probability
• Process
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*Problem Solving
*Reasoning and Proof
*Communication
*Connections
*Representation
– *same for all grade levels
NYSED
• Number Sense and Operations
Strand
• Algebra Strand
• Geometry Strand
• Measurement Strand
• Statistics and Probability Strand
• The Five Process Strands
– Problem Solving Strand
– Reasoning and Proof Strand
– Communication Strand.
– Connections Strand.
– Representation Strand