Transcript Pengantar pada Komunikasi-termediasi

Pengantar pada Komunikasitermediasi-komputer/Introduction
to Computer-mediated
Communication
Oleh
Ahmad Riza Faizal S.Sos; IMDLL.
[email protected]
Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2012/2013
Tujuan Perkuliahan
Memahami pengertian komunikasitermediasi-komputer
 Mengetahui teori-teori yang melandasi
komunikasi-termediasi-komputer
 Mengetahui aplikasi dari komunikasi
termediasi komputer

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What is Computer-mediated
Communication (CMC)?

Computer-Mediated Communication
(CMC) is any form of communication
between two or more individual people
who interact and/or influence each other
via separate computers through the
Internet or a network connection - using
social software. CMC does not include
the methods by which two computers
communicate, but rather how people
communicate via computers.
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Another definitions:

A relatively new but rapidly growing form of
interaction (Lee & Nass, 2002)

The process by which people create, exchange, and
perceive information using computer systems that
facilitate encoding, transmitting, and decoding
messages (December, 2003)

The communication that takes place between people
via the computer (Herring, 1996)

Interaction between two or more intelligent agents
that relies on ICT—usually a personal computer and
networks—as its primary medium (Ess, 2007)
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CMC: at its broadest, at its smallest

At its broadest CMC can encompass
virtually all computer uses (Santoro, 1995)

In general, the term CMC refers to both
task-related and interpersonal
communication conducted by computer.
This includes communication both to and
through a personal or mainframe
computer.(Ferris, 1997)
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HCI in 1960/70
Software engineering
Software psychology
HCI
Cognitive science
Computer graphics
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HCI: years 90 and later
User interface software and tools
Usability engineering
HCI
Groupware and cooperative activity
Media and information
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CMC vs. HCI
In many ways, the difference between CMC and
HCI are not fundamental differences. But they
focus on different characteristics of new media
technologies.
 HCI focuses on characteristics of the
technology and individual user’s psychological
processes.

◦ Interactivity
◦ Presence
◦ Cognition
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CMC vs. HCI

CMC focuses on characteristics of the
communicative environment and user
interactions
◦ Anonymity (being anonymous)
◦ Synchronicity (real-time vs. delayed
conversation)
◦ Relationship development
◦ Impression formation
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Dimensions of CMC

Cue Richness
◦ Amount of multisensory communication cues
available to each participant
 Decreasing Cue Richness example: full-motion A/V,
graphics with audio, audio only, text with emoticons, text

Synchronicity
◦ Synchronous – all participants acting
simultaneously or within very short time window
◦ Asynchronous – participant engages in
communication at any time, without requiring
simultaneous presence of other participants
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Types of CMC
Asyncronous
 Syncronous

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Asyncronous Communication

Asynchronous activities are independent
of real-time and are comprised of
activities, such as, viewing a web page,
composing an Electronic Mail (e-mail),
watching a video clip, or dowloading a file.
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Asyncronous CMC
CMC can include anything that is text -based,
uses ICT as a technological base and can be
used for two way transmission of ideas.
Examples of CMC can include:
 emails
 mailbases
 shared network group folders
 discussion boards (or fora/forums)
 frequently updated hyperlinked webpages.
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Synchronous Communication

Synchronous activities occur concurrently
between two or more users including such
real-time applications as chat rooms or
instant messaging which allow users to
interact simultaneously through text, audio,
and video with other users located
anywhere in the world.
Synchronous CMC includes:
 Chat
 Instant messaging
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Type vs Dimensions
Type/Dimension Low Cues
High Cues
Asyncronous
Low cues ACMC
High cues ACMC
Ex: email, sms
Ex: video email,
MMS, media
sharing sites
Syncronous
Low cues SCMC
High cues SCMC
Ex: chatting, IM,
Ex: real-time
online games
video conference
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Theories in CMC
 Media
Richness Theory
 Reduced cues
 Social Identity model of
Deindividuation Effects (SIDE model)
 Hyperpersonal
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Media Richness Theory
(Daft & Lengel, 1986)
The degree of richness of a communication
medium is dependent on the capacity of the
medium to process ambiguous communication
 Richer media are more effective for equivocal
tasks, and leaner media are better for unequivocal
tasks
 Primary assumption is the more the medium
reproduces face-to-face communication, the more
people will feel the other person is “real”.
 Implication: higher bandwidth (information
content), produces more feelings of presence and
connection

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Media Richness Theory

Media have different abilities to reduce
ambiguity and uncertainty. People will
most likely choose the medium that
reduces these elements the most
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Task-media Fit Hypothesis
Suh (1999) explains the relationship between a
task and media richness as follows:
 When a medium is too rich for a task
(choice of a product), inefficient
communication can result due to the
distraction of non-essential cues and
information; and
 When a medium is too lean for a task, then
inefficient communication may result
because insufficient cues and information are
transmitted.
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Reduced cues

Low
ambiguity/uncertainty






High
ambiguity/uncertainty

Face to face
Video conferencing
Telephone
Instant messaging
Letter
E-mail
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Social Identity model of Deindividuation
Effects (SIDE) Theory
The lack of individuating information
renders intragroup differences less salient,
thereby facilitating group identification
with the partners
 The polarization thus enhanced
attachment to the group accounts for
increased social influence (Lea, Spears, &
de Groot, 2001; Postmes, Spears, & Lea,
1999)

Pertekom Sem. Ganjil TA 2012/2013
SIDE Theory
The ability of engaging in anonymous
communication is believed to be a very
important feature of CMC.
 Different levels of anonymity

◦ True anonymity
◦ Visual anonymity
◦ Perceived anonymity
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SIDE Theory

Earlier research suggest that anonymity
would lead to impersonal
(depersonalized) communication
◦ Anonymity and distance lead to a decrease in
self-awareness
◦ Decrease in self-awareness lead to
deindividuation
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SIDE Theory

What is self-awareness?
◦ at any given moment, an individual’s attention can be
directed either outward to the external environment
toward things such as tasks, other people, or the
social context, or directed inward to various aspects
of the self (Duval & Wicklund, 1972).
◦ The different features of the self can be categorized
into two major parts (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss,
1975):
 The public self
 physical appearance, table manners, and accent.
 the private self
 personal beliefs, hidden inner feelings, thoughts, and memories that are
covert to others including religious beliefs and childhood memories
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SIDE Theory

Public Self-awareness
◦ Attention is directed towards to the public
aspects of the self
◦ Public self-awareness has consistently been
found to cause conformity towards perceived
majority opinions (Duval & Wicklund, 1972;
Froming, Walker, & Lopyan, 1982; Scheier &
Carver, 1980; Wicklund & Duval, 1971)
◦ It can be heightened by the presence of film
or video cameras
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SIDE Theory

Private Self-awareness
◦ Attention is directed towards to those private
aspects of the self
◦ has been shown to cause individuals to be
more aware of, and more responsive to, their
emotions (Scheier, 1976; Scheier & Carver,
1977), and engage in more self-disclosure
(Joinson, 2001)..
◦ It can be heightened by the presence of a
small mirror & self-portrait.
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SIDE Theory


Theoretically, many explanations of both pro- and antisocial behaviors in computer-mediated communication
(CMC) appear to hinge on changes in individual selfawareness.
Empirically, very few studies directly tested the effect of
self-awareness on common outcomes of CMC research.
◦ although self-awareness has been found to impact self-disclosure
& persuasion in CMC (Joinson, 2001; Matheson & Zanna, 1988;
1989),
◦ the reduction of social cues in CMC can decrease users’ overall
self-awareness, leading to a state of deindividuation, thereby
fostering interactions that are more task-oriented, impersonal,
and in some cases even uninhibited and anti-normative.
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SIDE Theory

Visual anonymity allows us to communicate with
each other without worrying about many other
social information (social identities)
◦
◦
◦
◦

Appearance
Skin color
Gender
Age
As a consequence, we tend to
◦ Communicate more honestly with less bias
◦ Communicate more freely with less social constraints
◦ Focus on the tasks rather than the socio-emotional
aspects of the conversation.
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SIDE Theory

Deindividuation is good for decision making
and corporate environment
◦ Less influenced by power structure
◦ Speak more freely and thus encourages creativity
◦ Focusing on tasks and not bothered by social
formality

Deindividuation is bad for social
environment
◦ Difficult to be personal
◦ Conversation may become direct and cold
(impersonal)
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SIDE Theory

According to this perspective, deindividuation
may not always be impersonal.
◦ Just because a conversation is visually anonymous, it
doesn’t mean that we don’t engage in self-regulation
and monitoring
◦ What is important is which social identity is salient at
the moment
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Hyperpersonal Communication in CMC
visual anonymity of CMC enables users to mask
physical or behavioral cues that are undesirable,
and selectively self-disclose more favorable
information.
 Thus, communication in CMC, due to
anonymity, allow a person to strategically create
an “ideal self” to present to the other person.

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Hyperpersonal Communication in CMC
This allows communicators to carefully
think about what to say, how to say it, and
when to say it.
 It also allows individuals to use their
imagination to “idealize” the person
whom they are talking to.
 Thus, leading to intense social
relationships beyond normal level (hyperpersonal).

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Hyperpersonal Theory (Joseph
Walther)
Media providing fewer nonverbal and metalinguistic cues provide more feelings of presence
 People assume conversational partners are like
themselves
 May explain tendency to self-reveal
inappropriately
 Compared to ordinary face-to-face situations, a
hyperpersonal message sender has a greater
ability to strategically develop and edit selfpresentation, enabling a selective and optimized
presentation of oneself to others

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Terima Kasih
Thank you
Tusen takk
Grazie Mille
Aitah
Domo Arigatou
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