Transcript File
Cross Cultural Communication Class 5 Social Framework: High Context or Low Context? • A society grows great when men plant trees under whose shade they shall never sit. – Greek Proverb • God helps those who help themselves. - American Proverb Cultural Context • Low-context cultures place less emphasis on the context of the communication (such as implied meaning or nonverbal messages_ and rely on explicated verbal (spoken) messages. In contrast, highcontext cultures emphasize the context in which communication takes place and pay a great deal of attention to implicit, nonspoken messages. Cultural Context • Let’s look at “context” as it relates to culture by examining the approach of two commercials that aired on international television. Context Commercials • 1#: A background song plays, “No matter where you go, I will be with you.” A little girl says to her father, “Promise you’ll call.” The father responds, “I promise.” The commercial shows the father flying off to do business and ends with the father calling home and the child running to the phone saying, “Daddy!” Not until the final few seconds of the commercial is the name of the company (Allianz) shown across the screen. • #2: A duck is shown in various situations where someone as been hurt on the job. The duck repeatedly squawks the name of the company (AFLAC). The text of the commercial defines supplemental insurance saa product that pays if you are injured and unable to work and usually ends with humor. The Commercials • Both commercials advertise insurance companies, yet the approach is quite different. In the “high context” Allianz commercial, the implied messages are: 1. The company is reliable just as the father reliably calls his daughter. 2. The company is global in nature. 3. The company insures against risk. • The “low context” AFLAC commercial includes the following messages: 1. The name of the company, 2. The name of the specifica insurance product being offered, 2. A definition of supplemental insurance. • The direct message is repeated several times, as is the company name. The commercial uses physical and situation humor to maintain our interest in what would otherwise be a very plain, direct message. Preferred Context • The preference for implicit (not direct) “reading between the lines” or for explicit and direct information varies among cultures. Asian, East Asian, Arab, and Mediterranean cultures tend to fall on the “high context” end of the spectrum, whereas U.S. , German, Swiss, and Scandinavian cultures fall on the “low context” end. • Even within the larger “culture” of the United States, though, there are regional variations in communication preferences. Northerners and Midwesterners tend to use more literal and direct communication whereas those from the South tend to be less explicit and direct. High-Context Cultures • Relies on implicit communication: People form high-context cultures have been taught from early childhood to look for implied meaning. They believe that what is implied takes precedence (goes first) before what is said; they will recognize descrepencies (differences) between actual words and their intended meaning. Example • Although the phrase “to rubber stamp” means agreement in U.S. business, the expression would not translate correctly into Japanese. A Japanese report may indeed be a stamp, but the placement and orientation of the stamp tells the receiver whether the report is acceptable as is, or whether it needs to be reworked and resubmitted. • Such subtle messages are readily noticed by those businesspeople who have been brought up in a high context Japanese culture. Emphasizes nonverbal communication: • Although nonverbal communication (body language, facial expression, gestures and touching, conversational distance, eye contact, ect. ) conveys meaning in every culture, people from highcontext cultures rely more heavily on nonverbal communication than people from low-context cultures. The nonverbal communication provides the “context” for the conversation, and therefore, must be carefully observed for effective communication to take place. Subordinates tasks to relationships: • In high-context cultures, children are imbued (strongly given) with reverence for family relationships and friendships, as illustrated by the Ukrainian proverb, “tell me who your friend is, and I’ll tell you who you are.” a friendship is a deep commitment developed for many years. Businesspeople brought up in high=context cultures carry over importance of relationships to their transactions on the job. They may believe that a relative with less experience should be trusted over a stranger with more experience in a given job. They may award business contracts to those with who they have forged a relationship over many years rather than to the company that makes the best presentation or offers the best deal on paper. Emphasizes collective initiative and decision making • A high-context culture values collective as the important of the society. Such as in this Chinese proverb: “A single bamboo pole does not make a raft.” Businesspeople from high-context cultures are taught to arrive at decisions therefore that benefit the group. • (More on that in low-context culture.) Views employer/employee relationship as humanistic: • As you might suspect, the social framework of a society helps determine the relationship between employer and employee, so high-context cultures tend to view the employer/employee relationship in a humanistic rather than mechanistic way. Because these relationships are so important, high=context cultures see employees as “family” members that work for the good of the group and remain loyal to the company for many years. Relies on intuition or trust rather than facts or statistics • People from high=context cultures rely on trust or intuition to guide them in decision making. This trust must be established by forming a relationship with potential business partner and will only be lihglty influenced by the large amounts of data that someone from a lowcontext culture might offer. • Decisions won’t be dictated by a large amount of written and spoken information… what does that mean? WELL… When talking in business, to teachers, and friends who speak English… • Chinese native speakers tend to leave out the subject of the sentence assuming it is understood, leave out the important pronouns that take “credit” for something, and generally are not clear about what the hell they mean. • Do-not-do-that-in-English. • Subject, object of the subject, and a verb. Do it! Prefers indirect style in writing and speaking • When connected to context this causes problems in English… Favor circular or indirect reasoning • People form high-context cultures will discuss issues with a holistic (relaxed) and more topic to topic way of speaking. Video – Dresses from around the world • While the video plays pick out your two favorite styles of dress and write down what country they are from. • Try to write which dress you think is the prettiest, coolest, most fashionable for the modern world, ECT. Questions • What was your favorite dress and why? • Which dress would you like to own if you are a girl, which dress do you think is the prettiest if you are a guy and why so? Culture by country – USA • I know most of us already talked extensively about American Culture in our society and culture class, however, there are still a few important things you should know about culture. USA • A note about privacy. • Privacy: Americans like their privacy and enjoy spending time alone. Foreign visitors will find U.S. American homes and offices open, but what is inside the American mind is considered to be private. To ask intrusive question about someone’s life may be considered very rude. Americans and time • Americans take pride in making the best use of their time. In the business world, "time is money". Being "on time" for class, an appointment, or for dinner with your host family is important. U.S. Americans apologize if they are late. Some instructors give demerits to students who are late to class, and students at most universities have institutional permission to leave the classroom if their instructor is 10 or 15 minutes late. Americans and Informality • The dress style of Americans is very informal outside of business. (In business it tends to be strict, but there are exceptions.) • Greetings and farewells are usually short, informal and friendly. Students may greet each other with "hi", "how are you"? and "what's up"? The farewell can be as brief as: "See you", "take it easy". Business • Firing, hiring, ECT… companies do not hesitate to fire long term employees, and employees do not hesitate to take a better job. Looking to the Future and to Change • Americans are very “forward thinking” and like to consider the future and what can be achieved. Final thoughts on America • In groups come up with 1 last question about any aspect of American life.