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CHAPTER 5 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Berko, R. M., Aitken, J. E., & Wolvin, A. D. (2010). ICOMM: Interpersonal concepts and competencies. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Sound of Silence Student video about nonverbal communication http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfDWQG47pAQ Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Nonverbal = Non word Nonverbal signals operate together in a cluster, an interactive grouping. http://www.fhsu.edu/~zhrepic/Teaching/GenEduca tion/nonverbcom/nonverbcom_files/image002.jpg Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Congruency Notice whether the present actions are parallel to or different from past actions. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. What is an example of nonverbal communication you noticed this week? Describe the nonverbal and what you thought it meant (and why). What does this expression say to you? Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Activity: 1. How do you know if you are in danger? What nonverbals do you look for? Wrong eye contact or stare? Lack of blinking? Proximity? Closeness? Hands on hips? Taking up more space? Incongruent verbalnonverbals? Clenched teeth? Flattened lips? Inapropriate touch? Clenched hand? Breathing? Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. 2. What makes you feel afraid? Listen to your gut instinct? What do you think of the information on this site? http://www.lesc.net/blog/firearms-instructor-ialefiofficial-publication-publishes-article-recognizing-signs-and-signals Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Activity: 1. With a partner or small group--Nonverbal message with voice. Use numbers to use your voice and other nonverbal communication to express one of the emotions on the next slide. You may be extremely brief (seconds). Are you successful? Why or why not? Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. 2. Emotions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fear Compassion Anger Happiness Excitement Love Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Activity: 1. With a partner— Can you tell if your partner is lying? Ask your partner the following questions. Your partner will lie about some of the Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. 2. Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why did you select your major? What is something your mother (or guardian) often told you? What is a meal you had recently? If you could have any job, what would it be? What is your best friend like? Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. 3. How did you do? Many of the nonverbals that suggest lying also can be caused by stress. Research suggests that people generally can’t tell if another person is lying. What did you notice about nonverbals? Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. THE BASIS FOR NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Innate neurological programs are automatic nonverbal reactions to stimuli with which you were born. These nonverbal “automatic responses” are reflexive reactions caused by neurological need drives Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. CULTURAL INFLUENCES Reflective reactions are the nonverbals you use because you were taught them by your family, friends, and culture. You reflect back the nonverbal communication of people you observe in your life. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Action Chain A behavioral sequence of standard steps for reaching a goal. Euro Americans engaged in business dealings with Arabs, for example, should understand and adhere to that culture’s action chains of hospitality in order to be successful. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORDS AND NONVERBAL CUES Substituting relationship. Complementing relationship. Conflicting relationship. Accenting relationships. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. CONCEPTS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION For emotional content, nonverbal communication is more accurate and easy communication than words. Culture influences the way people communicate emotions. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. MORE CONCEPTS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Nonverbal communication conveys meaning naturally. Nonverbal acts work better than words when you want to soften communication. Nonverbal behaviors indicate how you should interpret the verbal messages you receive. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. CLASSIFICATIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Kinesics is the use of the body to communicate. Face: “The 80 muscles of the face can create more than 7,000 expressions.” Jordan, N. (1986, January). The face of feeling. Psychology Today, p. 8; for an extensive discussion on the face and its effects on human communication, see Knapp & Hall, Chapter 9; for additional reading, see Heisel, M. J., & Mongrain, M. (2004). Facial expressions and ambivalence: Looking for conflict in all the right faces. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(1), 35-52. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. MORE CLASSIFICATIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Pupilometrics is a theory of nonverbal communication, which suggests that eyes dilate when they are focused on a pleasurable object, and contract when focused on those which are not pleasurable. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. MORE CLASSIFICATIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Gestures include posture, walk, stance, hand movements, body shifts and head nods which can give clues about a person’s status, mood, ethnic and cultural affiliation, and self-perception. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Gestures Speech-independent gestures are not tied to speech. These gestures are referred to as emblems. Speech-related gestures are directly tied to, or accompany, speech. Adaptors are movements that accompany boredom, show internal feelings, or regulate a situation (e.g., foot tapping). Affect displays are facial gestures that show emotions and feelings such as sadness or happiness. Pouting, winking, and raising or lowering the eyelids and eyebrows are examples of affect displays. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Gestures Emblems are nonverbal acts that have a direct verbal translation or dictionary definition, which usually consist of a word or two. Illustrators are kinesic acts accompanying speech that are used to aid in the description of what is being said. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Gestures Regulators are nonverbal acts that maintain and control the back-andforth nature of speaking and listening between two or more people. Nods of the head, eye movements, and body shifts are all regulators used to encourage or discourage conversation. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. MORE CLASSIFICATIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Touch. Posture, Walk and Stance. Artifacts are those things which adorn the body. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Attractiveness. Height. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. PROXEMICS--SPATIAL COMMUNICATION Proxemics is the study of how individuals use space to communicate. Space can include the distance people stand from each other, the perception of territory, how many people make a space feel crowded, and similar spatial considerations. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. SPACE DISTANCES Intimate space distance covers a space varying from direct physical contact with another person to a distance of eighteen inches (private activities). Personal space distance, eighteen inches to four feet, is sometimes called the comfort bubble. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. SPACE DISTANCES Social space distance covers a four-foot to twelve-foot zone that is used during business transactions and casual social exchanges. Public space distance may dictate a separation of as little as twelve feet, but it is usually more than twenty-five. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Nonverbal Immediacy Scale http://www.jamescmccroskey.com/ measures/nisf_srni.htm Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Small-Group Environment Small-group ecology, which includes the placement of chairs, the seating placement of the person conducting a meeting, and the setting for a small-group encounter, clearly influences the group’s operation. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. PARAVOCALICS--VOCAL COMMUNICATION Vocal quality. Pause—stopping, hesitation, length of pause. Pitch—highness or lowness of tone, such as soprano or bass. Rate--how fast you talk. Stress—emphasis or intensity of sounds all have particular meanings. Volume--how loudly you talk. Improvisation Video Sound Effects Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. TIME AS COMMUNICATION Circular time, there is no pressing need to achieve or create newness, or to produce more than is needed to survive. Linear time, focused primarily with the future. These societies focus on the accurate and technical information needed to fulfill impending demands. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Technical time is precise time, as in the way some scientists look at how things happen in milliseconds. Formal time is the way in which a culture defines its time, and it plays a daily role in most of our lives. It refers to centuries, years, months, weeks, days, hours, and minutes. Informal time refers to a rather flexible use of time such as “soon,” or “right away.” Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. In a monochronic culture, like the US, why are some people chronically late? Chronic lateness is often deeply rooted in a person’s psyche. Need to feel special. Believes he or she is better than other people and doesn't have to play by the rules. Needs for perfectionism, punishment, power, or as an expression of hostility. To punish yourself. To control others. To show disdain for others, thus demonstrating your Rowman hostility. Chapter 5. Copyright & Littlefield. All rights reserved. SMELL AS COMMUNICATION Smell blindness occurs when a person is unable to detect smells. Smell adaptation occurs when we gradually lose the distinctiveness of a particular smell through repeated contact with a specific odor. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. SMELL AS COMMUNICATION The ability to recall previous situations when encountering a particular smell is smell memory. Smell overload takes place when an exceptionally large number of odors or one extremely strong odor overpowers you. The ability to identify people, places, and things on the basis of their smell is smell discrimination Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. AESTHETICS AS COMMUNICATION Aesthetics is the study of communication of a message or mood through color or music. How do aesthetics affect the way you feel? This video cannot be played here. Spray paint art - Latte Art Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. TASTE AS COMMUNICATION Taste blindness is the inability to taste. Some people have extremely sensitive tasting abilities. These individuals are hypergustoric. Taste adaptation takes place when you become used to a taste to the degree that you can eat a substance and not taste it. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. Application Learning Activities Discuss with a partner or small group or complete on your own outside class. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. TIME Discuss or write about time as communication. You may want to view and read the lyrics for Time Pink Floyd . You could investigate how time is used differently in different cultures. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. NONVERBAL ERRORS View this video about nonverbal communication. Are there areas with which communication research disagrees? http://studio5.ksl.com/index.php?ni d=54&sid=6406949 Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. AESTHETICS Aesthetics is the study of communication of a message or mood through color or music. Think of examples of aesthetics that positively or negatively affect your communication. What causes the effects on communication? Share the information with a partner or the class. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. TASTE AS COMMUNICATION How is a birthday dinner or thanksgiving dinner communication through taste? Investigate cultural traditions around food and eating. Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. END CHAPTER 5 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Berko, R. M., Aitken, J. E., & Wolvin, A. D. (2010). ICOMM: Interpersonal concepts and competencies. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Alexandra Burke - "The Silence" with Lyrics Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved.