Communication
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Transcript Communication
Communication
Dorota Piontek, AMU
[email protected]
schedule
communication in general
interview – how to prepare
workshop
communication as a process
communication is a process in which people share
information, ideas, and feelings
basic elements of communication:
senders and receivers
messages
channels
feedback
setting
senders and receivers
senders - receivers send and receive messages simultaneously
message
is made up of the ideas and the feelings to be shared
are represented by symbols
symbols – that stand for sth else
symbols: verbal and nonverbal
verbal symbols: concrete and abstract
channels
route traveled by a message between the senders-receivers
senses and technical means
feedback
response of the receivers-senders to each other
immediate and delayed
noise
interference that keeps a message from being understood or
accurately interpreted
three kinds of noise:
physical
semantic
psychological
setting
where the communication occures (the surrounding)
is made up of several components
principles of transactional
communication
participation is continuous and simultaneous
all communications have a past, present, and future
all communicators play roles
types of communication
intrapersonal
interpersonal
small-group communication
institutional communication
mass communication
intrapersonal communication
occures within a person
is centered in the self – one is the only sender-receiver
message – thoughts and feelings
channel: one’s brain
social experience
interpersonal communication
-one to one or a few
- each functions as a sender-receiver
- verbal and nonverbal symbols
- channels: all senses
- immediate feedback
small-group communication
each has a chance to interact with all
more complicated, more chance for confusion
usually to solve a problem
messages more structured
channels: all senses
immediate feedback
institutional/organizational
communication
e.g. political system or business firm
complicated and indirect
delayed feedback
messages structured
formal and informal channels
need for technical devices
mass communication
delivering information, ideas, and attitudes to a sizable,
diversified audience through use of media designed for that
purpose
professional communicator
mass audience
highly structured message
delayed feedback
barriers to effective communication
selective attention, distortion, and recall
channel noises
psychological noise
language noise
fields of experience
value judgements
mis-matching
selectivity
barriers to effective communication
status differences
time constraints
overload
verbal communication
symbol – stands for the object or concept that it names
denotative meaning – dictionary definition
connotative meaning – feelings or associations one has about
a word
meanings are determined by people, not by words
language environment
people
their purpose
the rules
the actual talk
language
ritual
appropriate
specialization
role and verbal image
style – result of the way we select and arrange words and
sentences
verbal style – connected with the role
instrumental vs expressive language
improving verbal communication
what do you want to say
how do you want to say it
to whom are you talking
metatalk
metatalk
the meaning exists on three levels:
what the speaker is saying
what the speaker intends to say
what the listener thinks speaker is saying
metatalk
how are you / how do you do
true meaning
hello; does not have a meaning – tell me, how have you really
been
metatalk
call me
true meaning
don’t bother me now; I would accept if you asked me out; I
can’t discuss this here; don’t go so fast
metatalk
I’ll call you
true meaning
let’s start something; don’t call me
let’s have lunch
social acquaintances: if you have nothing to do and I have
nothing to do – let’s get together; business: if you have sth
useful to say to me I’ll listen
let’s have dinner
social: let’s advance this friendship; business: let’s turn this
into a friendship
metatalk
we must get together
I like you but I’m too busy now to take on more friendship
I can’t make the time to see you
we really must see more often
we must do this more often
true meaning
I can’t make the time to see you
we must do this more often
this was surprisingly enjoyable, but it still going to happen
infrequently
I only say what I really mean
I’m about to insult you
nonverbal communication
any information communicate without using words
little or no control
involves several related messages
need to know a person
verbal and nonverbal differences
functions of nonverbal
communication
to complement a verbal message
to regulate verbal communication
to substitute for verbal message
to accent what sb’s saying
principles of nonverbal
communication
is culturally determined
may conflict with verbal messages
is largely unconscious
is important in communicating feelings and attitudes
types of nonverbal communication
paralanguage
body movement
body type
attractiveness
body adornment
space and distance
touch
time
paralanguage – the use of voice
rate (speed) – varying is important
pitch (highness or lowness) – middle in pitch is the best
volume – change good for attention
vocal fillers
body movements
emblems
illustrators
regulators
display of feelings
adaptors
body
body type
attractiveness
body adornment
space and distance - proxemics
intimate distance
personal distance
social distance
public distance
touch and time
cultural differences
inter-cultural communication - barriers
ethnocentrism
prejudice
stereotypes
uncertainty
wrong interpretation of non-verbal communication
language
types of cultures - Geert Hofstede
1.
2.
3.
4.
four dimensions of culture:
distance towards authorities: small vs huge
collectivism vs individualism: collective vs individualistic
musculine vs feminine: male vs female
avoiding uncertainty: open vs close
power vs distance
the degree to which the less powerful members of a society
accept and expect that power is distributed unequally
fundamental issue here: how a society handles inequalities
among people
people in societies exhibiting a large degree of power
distance accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a
place and which needs no further justification
in societies with low power distance, people strive to equalise
the distribution of power and demand justification for
inequalities of power
individualism vs collectivism
individualism - a preference for a loosely-knit social
framework in which individuals are expected to take care of
themselves and their immediate families only
collectivism - a preference for a tightly-knit framework in
society in which individuals can expect their relatives or
members of a particular in-group to look after them in
exchange for unquestioning loyalty
a society's position on this dimension is reflected in whether
people’s self-image is defined in terms of “I” or “we.”
masculinity vs femininity
masculinity - a preference in society for achievement,
heroism, assertiveness and material reward for success;
society at large is more competitive
femininity - a preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for
the weak and quality of life; society at large is more
consensus-oriented
uncertainty vs avoidance
expresses the degree to which the members of a society feel
uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity
fundamental issue: how a society deals with the fact that the
future can never be known: should we try to control the
future or just let it happen?
countries exhibiting strong UAI maintain rigid codes of belief
and behaviour and are intolerant of unorthodox behaviour
and ideas
weak UAI societies maintain a more relaxed attitude in which
practice counts more than principles
long/short time orientation
can be interpreted as dealing with society’s search for virtue
societies with a short-term orientation: a strong concern with
establishing the absolute Truth; are normative in their thinking,
exhibit great respect for traditions, a relatively small propensity to
save for the future, and a focus on achieving quick results
societies with a long-term orientation: belief that truth depends
very much on situation, context and time; show an ability to adapt
traditions to changed conditions, a strong propensity to save and
invest, thriftiness, and perseverance in achieving results
indulgence vs restraint
indulgence - a society that allows relatively free gratification
of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and
having fun
restraint - a society that suppresses gratification of needs and
regulates it by means of strict social norms
lower vs higher context cultures (E.
Hall)
a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low
context messages in routine communication
a high context culture: many things are left unsaid, letting the
culture explain; words and word choice become very important in
higher context communication, since a few words can
communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group
(but less effectively outside that group)
a lower context culture: the communicator needs to be much
more explicit and the value of a single word is less important
lower vs higher context cultures
lower context culture: Australian, English Canadian,
English, Finnish, German, Irish, New Zealand, Scandinavia,
Switzerland, United States (excluding the Southern United
States)
higher context culture: African, Arab, Brazilian, Chinese,
Filipinos, French, Canadian French, Greek, Hawaiian,
Hungarian, Indian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean,
Latin Americans, Portuguese, Russian, Polish, Southern
United States, Spanish, Thai, Turkish, Vitnamese, South Slavic
cross-cultural communication
task
prepare to interview:
- applicants – cv and motivation letter
- recuirement staff – selection of 5 applicants to the further
interview
motivation letter
introduce yourself
be clear about position you’re applying for
give good reasons for your application
give good arguments that you are the best choice
hand-written signiture
not longer than ¾ of a page
interview
homework
information about the organization
important attributes
first impression
body language
homework
job description and general information
position
salary
department – in large or medium organization
location
description of the main resposibilities of the position
homework
objectives
key tasks
personal specification
social issues
information about the organization
whatever you can
have a „larger picture” of the history, aims, and corporate
values
important attributes
communication skills
personal presentation
self-motivation
first impression
up to 1 min
personal presentation
confidence and assertivness
preparation
communication skills
enthusiasm for the position
punctuality
eye contact
impressive application/C.V.
body language
greet the interviewer
sit comfortably
keep an eye contact
pause to think
smile