Transcript What is Technology?

Dr. Sadaf Sajjad
Technology is comprised of the products
and processes created by engineers that
meet our needs and wants.
 Technology
is closely related to social
interaction. Every breakthrough in
technology leads to a change in social
interaction. It is difficult to imagine what
else can be invented, but we can be sure
that in 10 years people will interact in many
different ways using technology not invented
yet. Social interaction Technology changes
improvement
 Technology
Instant communication (such as
internet, mobile phone) on has allowed
closer contact between people. Intercultural
and International relations.
 PROS.At business field, internet (skype for
example) has enabled internationalization,
updated the available information, relations
worldwide, expansion…At social field, it
allows an ‘easy way of life’ Shopping from
home (more time for work and family). Keep
in touch with friends. Easy relationships.
Relations between individuals and
businesses. Access information.
Technology
Science
– Study of our
human-made world
– Study of our
natural world
– Deals with
“what can be”
– Deals with
“what is”
• Home
• School
• Workplace
Information
Communication
Bio-Related and
Agriculture
Medical
Environmental
Technology
Manufacturing
&
Construction
Transportation
Energy and
Power
Nanotechnology
Information Technology allows us
to send signals around the world.
Examples
internet, television, satellite, GPS, cell phones
 The
strategic use of information technology
is one of the defining aspects of
organizational success in today’s world
 Many
companies in industries from
manufacturing to entertainment use IT to
Get
closer to customers
Enter new markets
Streamline business processes
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
Management of information technology and ebusiness

Basic information technology & information
systems frequently used in organizations

Fundamental strategies

Management implications

Recent information technology trends
11
 The
hardware, software,
telecommunications, database
management, and other technologies
used to store, process, and distribute
information
12
Information- Data that have been
converted into a meaningful and
useful context for the receiver
Data-
Raw, nonsummarized , and
unanalyzed facts and figures
13

Increasing Challenge for Managers
1.
2.

Effectively identify needed information
Access useful information
Magnitude of transforming data into
useful information = introduction of chief
information officer (CIO) position
14
Operations Information Systems
 Transaction-processing systems
 Process control systems
 Office automation systems
Management Information Systems
15
Management Information Systems
 Information-reporting systems
 Decision support systems
 Groupware
 Executive information systems
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Corporate
and
External
Databases
Operations
Information
Systems
Source: Adapted from Ralph M. Stair and George W. Reynolds,
Principles of Information Systems: A Managerial Approach, 4 th
ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Course Technology, 1999), 391.
Management
Information
Systems
Reporting
Systems
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Decision
Support
Systems
Executive
Information
Systems
Group
Decision
Support
System
 Internet
= global collection of computer
networks linked together
 World
Wide Web = (WWW) a collection
of central servers for accessing
information on the internet
18
 E-business
= any business that takes
place by digital processes over a
computer network rather than in
physical space
 E-commerce
= business exchanges that
occur electronically
19
 Intranet
= an internal communications
system that uses the technology and
standards of the Internet but is accessible
only to people within the organization
 Extranet
= external communicati0ns system
that uses the Internet and is shared by two
or more organizations
20
 Strategy
= Market Expansion
●
Internet division allows a company to
establish direct links to customers and
expand into new markets
●
Organization can provide access around the
clock to a worldwide market and reach new
customers
21
Strategy = Productivity and Efficiency
In-House Internet Division
Spin-Off
Strategic Partnerships
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•Immediate
short-term
effects
•Measurable
productivity
impact
•Driven by
internal processes
Competitive Business
Environment
E-Business
Strategy
Benefits
Implementatio
n
Market expansion
and revenue growth
Increased productivity
and cost efficiency
•Add new markets
•Integrate bricks and
clicks
•Increase market size
In-house division or
partnership
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In-house division or
partnership
 Biggest
boom in e-commerce is in businessto-business (B2B) transactions



$2.4 trillion and growing in 2004
B2B marketplaces = intermediary sets up an
electronic marketplace where buyers and sellers
meet, acting as a hub for B2B commerce – online
portal
Ebay has become a B2B portal
24
Sellers
Many sellers
offer
products
and services
through an
intermediar
y to many
buyers
Online portal or
“hub” for B2B
marketplace
Buyers
25
Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
ERP, integrate and optimize all the various business processes
across the entire firm
•Top ERP vendors today host the applications
themselves and offer their products through
Internet portals
•Customers access the applications with
standard browsers
26
 Systems
that help companies track
customers’ interactions with the firm and
allow employees to call up information on
past transactions
27
 Process
of systematically gathering
knowledge, making it widely available
throughout the organization, and fostering
a culture of learning
28
 Three



29
Keys
Data warehousing
Business intelligence
Knowledge management portals
Improved employee effectiveness
Increased efficiency
Empowered employees
Information overload
Enhanced collaboration
30
 Wireless
Internet
 Peer-to-Peer File Sharing
 Blogs and Wikis
 Going International
31
Information technology and e-business are
changing the way people and organizations
work
Customer, partners, and suppliers are brought
into the information network
32
Communication Technology helps with the giving
or exchanging of information.
Examples
digital cameras, magazines, DVDs, video
games
In business, communication can be:
 between individuals
 between individuals and organisations
 within a business
 between a business and an external
organisation
Communication takes place within networks.
These are some of the types of network:
 chain
 circle
 wheel
 all-channel
A
chain network
e.g formal
contact
A
circle network e.g.
between people at the
same level
A
wheel network
e.g. sales teams
report to head
office
 An
all-channel
network e.g.
brainstorming
Communication in the business world is very
different today compared to twenty years
ago, because of:
 Information and Communication Technology
(ICT)
 Mobile
telephones
 Video and tele-conferencing
 Lap-top computers
 E-mail
 Multi-media communications
No matter what medium of communication is
used, it can fail if:
 jargon is used inappropriately
 badly written messages are transmitted
 the message goes to the wrong receiver
 information overload takes place
 the communication channel breaks down
In the UK until recently, firms wanting to
move into e-commerce have been:
 prevented due to slow connection speeds
 affected by lack of broadband services
Go to the Activity for more on this.
Biotechnology transform living things
into products or new forms of life.
Examples
medicine, genetic engineering,
bionics
DNA Replication image from the
Human Genome Project
Agricultural Technology produces plants and
animals for food, fiber, and fuel.
Examples
fertilizer, irrigation, food preservation,
weed and insect control
Medical Technology creates tools
to treat disease and injury.
Examples
X-rays, lasers, prostheses, ultrasound,
medications
Environmental Technology creates tools to
minimize the effect of technology on the
development of living things.
Examples waste management &
recycling, hybrid vehicles, conservation,
Production Technology is the manufacturing of
physical goods on an assembly line and the
construction of structures on a job site.
Manufacturing Technology
Manufacturing Technology changes
natural or synthetic materials into
usable products.
Examples: automobile factories, clothing
factories, food factories
Construction Technology
Construction Technology builds
structures that support loads and
protect us from the environment.
Examples: residential construction (homes),
bridge construction, road construction
Materials Technology
Materials Technology develops
materials with outstanding
combinations of mechanical,
chemical, and electrical
properties.
Examples: BpA free plastic, asbestos
insulation, Mosquito repellent
clothing, artificial skin grafts for burn
victims, composite decking
Transportation Technology Provides a way for
people, animals, products, and materials to
be moved from one location to another.
Examples
Flight – airplane, rocket, space shuttle
Land – car, train, subway, automobile,
bicycle
Water – oil tanker, cruise ship
Non-vehicle – conveyor belts, pipelines
Energy and Power Technology develops more
efficient ways to use renewable and
nonrenewable energy sources.
Examples: wind energy, hydroelectrical
energy, solar energy, tidal power,
geothermal energy, nuclear energy, oil
(gasoline/diesel), coal, natural gas
Nanotechnology is manipulating materials on an
atomic or molecular level.
Examples
implanted sensors, Nanobots, molecular
manufacturing