Transcript Asia - SharePoint

Asia
Changes and Continuities
By Kazi Anika, Mindi Cao, Jane Chen, Jenny Chen, Sara Chung,
Armani Khan, Bonny Truong, Han Zhao
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
2600 BCE to 1700 BCE
- Developed near Indus River
- Located in the western part of South Asia
- Highly organized and standardized:
- Cities built with a grid pattern with wide,
straight streets, thick walls, brick houses
- World's first sewer system: public and
private wells, drains, bathrooms, toilets
- Canal system allowed water to be transported to
agricultural lands to grow wheat, barley, peas, melons,
sesame, cotton
- Domesticated sheep, cattle, goats, elephant (for its
ivory)
- Highly educated in mathematics:
- System of weights and measures
- Bricks in different cities were the same size
(cities thought to be under the same government)
- Clay tablets suggest existence of a writing
system
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
2600 BCE to 1700 BCE
- Burials were simple, contained few material
goods; suggested lack of social classes
- Absence of palaces and temples
- Few evidence indicating existence of military;
suggests that the civilizations were mainly
peaceful
- Use of copper in fortification and weapons (e.g.
bronze knives, spears, arrowheads)
- Harappa was mainly urban and commercial
- Traded with Mesopotamia, southern
India, Afghanistan, and Persia for gold,
silver, copper, and turquoise
Fall of Indus River civilizations is uncertain, but theories arose:
- Aryan invaders destroyed Indus cities, killed its inhabitants, and forced others to
emigrate to southern India
- Inhabitants had already left the Indus River Valley, thus allowing Aryans to take
over due to the small population
- Agricultural problems (e.g. topsoil erosion, infertile soil, change in course of Indus
River) forced inhabitants to move elsewhere in search of food
Shang Dynasty
1600 BCE to 1100 BCE
- Located on the banks of the Huang He
- First dynasty to leave written records
- Dynasty: reign passed down through family
one generation to the next
- Rulers were legitimized by the Mandate of
Heaven (belief that ancestors chose the
leaders)
- Civilization based on agriculture, hunting,
and domestication of animals
- Invented 360-day year of 12 months and 30 days each; calendar included both
lunar and solar years, helpful in determining planting seasons
- Development of writing: records and ceremonial inscriptions carved onto oracle
bones and shells; pictographs, ideograms, phonograms
- Bronze metallurgy: ceremonial bronze vessels dating to Shang reign
- Often warred with nomadic herders from inner Asian steppes
- Practiced rituals honoring ancestors and spirits
- Royal burials contained items of wealth and hundreds of slaves buried alive
Political Changes in China
100 CE - 600 CE
- This was the beginning of the end of the Han
Dynasty (which were known for their civil
service examinations that lasted for days, the
invention of paper, the compass, and
calendars)
- After the fall of the Han, China became
disunified once again and enters the period
known as Three Kingdoms Period (220 ce 265 ce)
- It is during this period that South and North
China begins to develop differently because
power fell into different hands
- In the North, the power had fallen into the hands
of the aristocratic whereas in the South, it had
continued on with the dynasties with the
capital at Nanking
Cultural Changes in China
100 CE - 600 CE
-It is during this period that there is a
rise in belief of Buddhism which had
begun to enter China during the Han
Dynasty. This was due to the fact that
because the life of a peasant or
commoner was so difficult that
religion sort of became a safe haven
for them
- A singular writing system was also
introduced between the North and
the South which improved their
communication with each other
greatly as well as enable them to work
together on intellectual text
Culture and Politics in Indian
civilization
300 CE - 600 CE
Gupta Empire
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320 CE-550 CE
Located in northern and central India
Modeled after the Mauryan Empire (324 BCE - 184 BCE)
collapsed around 550 CE because of nomadic attacks from the steppes.
o however, they had a big influence on religion, art, architecture and culture.
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Political Organization
Not very centralized
United others by "persuading" others to follow its lead:
o by displaying beauty in the capital and royal court
o by giving gifts and luxurious items
Skilled cavalry army with experience in archery
Culture
Scientists, mathematicians, and astronomers received support
Women's status decreased; lost many rights and became more dependant on
the male head of the family
Religious tolerance: Gupta leaders were Hindus, but they tolerated Buddhism
and Jainism.
Trade to the East increased while trade with the west declined.
Ming Dynasty
1368 to 1644 CE
- Restored Chinese rule after the Mongolian Yuan
dynasty
- Reinstated the civil service examination
- Built a government based on Confucian principles
- Zheng He, a Chinese navigator, led fleets throughout
the world.
- The Ming dynasty tried to change currency from easily counterfeited
paper money to silver currency
- This backfired when silver veins were found in America and silver
flooded the Chinese markets causing a inflation
- In 1644, the Ming emperor invited a group of warriors from
Manchuria to help him quell an uprising, but they overthrew him.
Zheng He's voyages
Qing Dynasty
1644 to 1912 CE
- Ruled by the Manchus
- Emperor Kangxi and his successor Qianlong both supported
arts, expanded the empire, and were Confucian scholars.
- Remained mainly isolationist at this time, only interacting with
its neighbors
- Traded with western powers, but the Chinese controlled the
trade relations
- The silver received from European merchants
created a rising class of merchants
- The dynasty crumbled due to external pressure
and internal resentment
Commerce in the Indian Ocean
650 CE - 1750 CE
Trading Regions
• East African States (Swahili Coast)
• India
• Southern Arabia
• Persian Gulf
• Southeast Asia (Spice Islands)
• China
Interregional Trade in East Asia
600 CE - 1450 CE
Silk Road
- allowed Chinese goods to go into Europe for the first time ever
- led to European interested finding a water route to China
- spread Buddhism and Christianity
- led to the creation of better roads and boats
- new monetary systems developed
Indian Ocean Trade Network
- allowed Indian and East African cultures to mix, brought Islam to
coastal Bantus' and led to the creation of Swahili
- Asians and Europeans never came into direct contact, Africans were
intermediaries
- both cultures received items never thought possible
- more access to goods
Silk Road
200 BCE to 1450
Silk Road
200 BCE to 1450
- Network of trade routes connecting Europe and Asia
- First used during the Han Dynasty (~200 BCE)
Major trade goods:
- China: silk, porcelain, spices
- Europe: wool cloth, gold, silver
- India: gemstones (e.g. jade, gold, silver)
Cultural Diffusion:
- Paper making spread from China
- Noria (irrigation waterwheel) spread from Roman Syria
- Religious ideas: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity
Shifting of prominence:
- Trade was disrupted during decline of Tang Dynasty (late 800s)
- Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan brought back Silk Road
Decline of Silk Road
- Bubonic Plague (1348-1350): killed millions
- Advance in marine technology: travel by sea became safer and more
efficient
Increased Use of the Indian Ocean
1300s
• Collapse of the Mongol Empire resulted in
increased use of the Indian Ocean in trade
• Demands for good rose
• Improvements to vessels
o Chinese Junks
o Dhows
• New ports created
The Age of exploration in the Indian Ocean
1400s
China (1405-1433)
• Zheng He
• Carried silks,
precious metal,
porcelain
• Brought back ivory,
zebras, camels, a
giraffe, and other
goods
The Age of exploration in the Indian Ocean
1400s
Europe
Henry the Navigator
o promoted the
study of
navigation
o Goal: spread
Christianity and
reached India.
Bartolomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama
(1497-1498)
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European control over the Indian
Ocean
1500s - 1750
• Joint-Stock companies
o The English East India Company
o The Dutch East India Company
• By 1750s, Britain, the Dutch, France,
Portugal and Spain controlled much of
the trade and commerce in the Indian
Ocean.
Major Belief Systems in Asia
- Confucianism
- Daoism
- Legalism
- Hinduism
- Buddhism
Confucianism
- A political and social philosophy dealing with how
to create an orderly society
- Created by Confucius
- Practiced in China from 400 BCE onwards
- Is compatible with other religions because it was a
belief system
Impact:
- Chinese governments used it because they wanted to create an orderly
society
- Made Chinese communities more tightly knit
- Impact was not so great outside of China because it evolved with
Chinese culture.
- Also known as Taoism, stressed harmony with nature
- Practiced from 500 BCE onwards
Impact:
- When asking for harmony with nature,
Daoists became astronomers, chemists,
and botanists.
- Added to the "complexity" of China
when combined with the other major
beliefs. This "complexity" is what made
China unique compared to the Western
world.
Legalism
- Developed about the same time as Confucianism and Daoism
- Practiced mainly during the Qin Dynasty
- Legalists didn't trust human nature
- Believed that humans are will only obey a strong central government
with tough laws and harsh punishments
- Believed the only two worthy professions were farming and the
military.
Impact:
- Allowed governments to achieve large scale building projects and
unification
- Common people suffered under legalism
- Caused resentment amongst the people
- Began in India with the
Aryan invaders
- One supreme force called Brahma and the gods are manifestations of Brahma
- Believed in reincarnation
- Believed in post-death social mobility
- Goal was to merge with Brahma
- No sacred texts, but the Vedas and the Upanishads, collection of prayers and
verses, guided the Hindus
Impact:
- Created a rigid social class system (caste system)
- People accepted their current standings because they believed in
karma
- Created an incentive for people to work hard
Buddhism
- Founded by a Hindu prince named Siddhartha
Gautama who lived from 563 - 483 B.C.E.
- Buddhists follow the 'Four Noble Truths' : 'All life is
suffering'; 'Suffering is caused by desire'; 'One can be
freed of this desire'; 'One is freed by desire by
following what is called the Eightfold Path'
- Buddhism had begun to trickle into China during the
early Han Dynasty and eventually turned into one of
the major beliefs of the period alongside
Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, Hinduism,
Judaism, and Christianity.
- It had begun to take on a more secular role later on as
its popularity grew during the Tang Dynasty This had
led to Buddhist temples to act as bath houses, inns,
etc...
- Later on, it was viewed as justification for women to
join in the world of politics because of Empress Wu
Zhao had had claimed that her legitimacy to be
emperor came from the fact that she was an
enlightened soul that was sent to earth to bring
salvation to the rest of the people
Changes In The Role of Religion in
China
600 - 1450
- Due to a religion's popularity, it would
sometimes take on more secular
responsibilities in Chinese society and a
perfect example would be Buddhism during
the Tang Dynasty because it was during this
time that the temples were beginning to act
as bath houses, inns, and schools (some
were even allowed to disperse medicines to
the public
- Along with the pilgrims that had brought
along religion also brought along their
culture from their country and this had
made religion almost like a carrier of
different religions and this caused a mixture
of different cultures to assimilate and
disperse around China
Beginning
China- clings to traditional social and
economic structures, only unification is in
anti-western sentiment
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• Japan- modernizing quickly, Western
Influence is spreading
Southeast Asia:
Imperialism and Nationalism
Southeast Asia:
Imperialism and Nationalism
The Beginning:
•Europeans first began to colonize Southeast Asia in the sixteenth century with
the interest for trade.
•Buddhism had been in these areas for centuries, and would remain a strong
unifying, anti-western force.
•The Europeans brought new ideas and ideologies, along with technology to the
Southeast Asian countries.
•Some of the new ideas promoted equality and democracy.
World War Two:
•The colonies felt they should also start to fight for their own independence and
nationalist feelings rose up.
•European countries were focused more on domestic problems, rather than the
tensions and uprisings in their Asian colonies.
Japan and World War Two:
•During the second world war, Japan occupied Southeast Asian colonies.
•Southeast Asians realized that Europe was not as invincible as it had seen
before, as it lost control of its colonies to Japan.
Indonesia
•Nationalist leaders were released from jail by the Japanese and allowed to
hold mass rallies.
•Japan’s failure to fulfill its vague promises of Indonesian independence
pushed nationalist leaders to decide to take the matters into their own hands.
Vietnam:
•When the French lost power in Vietnam, the Japanese sent officials to
administer the area, but too few, resulting in a power vacuum. Nationalists
saw their chance, and began to take immediate action.
Role of Communism
in Achieving Independence
•Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak: gained
independence once the British were able to suppress the
rise of communism in the Malayan Emergency from 1945
to 1960.
•Communist North Vietnam was able to achieve
independence with support from Communist China.
The Great Depression
• Super Nationalists in Japan gain support
and have been pursuing expansionist
policies and decide to seize China.
Sino Japanese War
• Communists gain support in China
• Japan continues imperialist policies
Post WWII
• Japan stops expanding and grows
economically instead
• Other East Asian countries imitate
Japan's method of growth
Tiananmen Square
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1989
National Identity in China is still developing
Government is modernizing, but the public
is still protesting over the lack of political
freedom
Impacts of Technology in East
Asia
1450 - Present
Food production:
•New strains of grain and crops in China
•New strains, methods of irrigation, and fertilizer in Japan.
Gunpowder Empires:
•China exported a lot of gunpowder to Europe
•The Europeans were quick to develop guns and cannons
•Japan had a social, political, and cultural revolution as a result
of the import of guns and cannons.
•Samurai and Japanese warlords that adopted this new
and deadly technology easily dominated their conservatives,
sword-wielding neighbors.
Impacts of Technology in East
Asia
Navigation:
1450 - Present
•Improved ship building allowed for more international
interactions.
•Ships were now better, faster and cheaper to build.
•China amassed a huge sum of silver from the Europeans, who
were hungry for Chinese goods, especially silk, porcelain, and
gunpowder.
•Eventually the Silk Road was abandoned as a result of better
and more efficient ship routes
Gutenberg Press:
•Increase in literacy
•Spread of ideas
Renaissance, Christianity
Impacts of Technology in East
Asia
- Present
China’s downfall as a1450
result
of technology and
trade:
•China was only interested in silver, and would only accept silver
during trades.
•As a result, China had little opportunity to be introduced to new
technology.
•China exported gunpowder, its own invention, but failed to
utilize it effectively.
•Gunpowder was used for fireworks in China, versus being used
for guns and weapons like in Europe
•As a result of China’s reluctance to import, Europeans began
seeking other ways to earn their money. They began to trade
opium, which ruined China’s economy and peoples.
East Asia
1750 - Present
- China was originally an agricultural nation with isolationist policies
- British imported opium from India, got Chinese addicted
- Seeing threat in British opium, Chinese retaliated, led to opium
wars.
- China lost, western powers gained control of Chinese harbors
through “unequal treaties”
- Had to end isolationist policies and open markets
- Increase in trade brought China great wealth, soon became a
growing industrial power
- Imported coal, steel, building materials to fuel industrialization
- Exports shifted from silk, porcelain, and tea to manufactured goods
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