Transcript China - Cohn

China:
Ancient Times to Imperialism
Answer questions in this color
USING COMPLETE SENTENCES
on page 46 of your SS Notebook.
CHINA’S GEOGRAPHY
• Nearly identical
size as Europe
• Major River Valleys
(Yellow, Yangtze)
• Climate diversity
• Himalayas
• Deserts
(Gobi, etc.)
• Central location
(Borders several
countries)
#1: Make a list of key points to remember about
China’s Geography.
CHINA’S LONG HISTORY
• Dates back thousands of years.
• Qin Shi Huangdi (221-210 BCE)
– First to unite most of China
– Started construction of Great Wall
– Terracotta Army
#2: Who is considered the first Emperor of China?
When did he rule? What are some of his legacies?
AFTER THE QIN DYNASTY
• Han Dynasty (206 BCE to 220 CE)
– Connected to Europe via Silk Roads
• Tang
Dynasty
(618 CE to
907 CE)
• Song
Dynasty
(960 CE to
1279 CE)
#3: How did China and Europe trade before the
Age of Exploration?
CHINESE INVENTIONS
• Until the Scientific Revolution, China was generally had more advanced
technology than Europe or most of the rest of the world.
• Compass (200s BCE)
• Canals with locks (900s)
• Paper (100s CE)
• Woodblock Printing (600s CE)
• Moveable Type Printing (1000s CE)
• Porcelain (100s CE)
• Steel (200 BCE)
• Gunpowder (800s CE)
• Mechanical Clock (700s CE)
• Smallpox Innoculation (900s CE)
#4: What were some of the great inventions of
ancient and medieval China?
YUAN and MING
• Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)
– China was conquered by the Mongolians under the leadership
of Genghis Khan
• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
– Rebuilt China
– Forbidden City (Beijing)
– Confucian
Service Exams
– Great Wall
– Voyages of Exploration
Civil
#5: Who ruled China during the Yuan Dynasty? (dates)
#6: What did the Ming Dynasty accomplish? (dates)
COLLAPSE OF THE MING
• As the Ming Dynasty began to collapse, there was a peasant
revolt.
– The leaders raged across the countryside, wiping away the Ming
Dynasty.
– A Ming general, stationed near the Great Wall near the border with
Manchuria asked his old enemies, the Manchurians to help fight off
the rebels.
– The Manchurians accepted.
– Upon crossing the Great Wall, the
Manchurians found that China was weak…
– The Manchurians conquered China and set
up China’s last dynasty, the Qing Dynasty.
#7: How did the Manchurians (not ethnic Chinese)
manage to conquer China and start the Qing Dynasty?
QING DYNASTY CHINA
• Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
– Adopted Chinese Confucian-style of government.
– Split administrative positions
evenly between Manchurians
(2% of population) and Han
Chinese (main Chinese
ethnicity).
– Forced Chinese men to wear
hair in Manchu style as a
sign of Manchurian superiority.
#8: When did the Qing Dynasty begin and end? What did the
Manchu Dynasty do to make the Chinese accept them as leaders?
What did they do that made the Chinese dislike them?
COMPARISON WITH EUROPE
CHINA
9.7 mil sq km
EUROPE (total)
10.1 mil sq km
SIZE (2013)
POPULATION
1700
200 million
120 million
1800
300 million
200 million
2013
1,344 million
740 million
China’s “sphere of influence” extended well beyond their
borders to many “tributary states.”
#9: How big (in all senses of the word) is/was
China? Explain.
EARLY CONTACT WITH THE WEST
• Marco Polo (late 13th century)
• Russian traders in North (Manchurian border)
• 1514 – 1st Portuguese ship
– At first expelled because
of rudeness, later allowed
to set up base in Macao.
• 1699 – British set up base
at Canton (Guangzhou).
– Ships only allowed to
come from Oct-Mar
#10: How did China limit trade with Europeans
before the Industrial Revolution?
LORD MACARTNEY’S MISSION
• In 1793 Britain sent Lord Macartney
to request the formal opening of
diplomatic and trade relations
between Britain and China.
• After watching the video we will
pause to read Emperor Qianlong’s
reply to King George III of Britain to
learn more about how the Chinese viewed
other nations and their place in the world.
• (Pause to show video on Qianlong and Britain)
#11: Create a rough translation of Emperor
Qianlong’s letter to King George III.
BRITISH OPIUM
• Britain began importing opium into China.
• Opium was an addictive drug grown in India (which the
British controlled as part of their empire).
• On the next few screens we will read a
letter from a Chinese government official
to Britain’s Queen Victoria asking her to
stop the importation of opium into China.
#12: Explain how opium came to China.
Lin Zexu’s Letter to Queen Victoria (edited)
The kings of your honorable country have always been
noted for their politeness and submissiveness. Your country
has profited from trade with China for 200 years. This is the
source from which your country has become known for its
wealth.
But there appear among the crowd of barbarians both good
and bad people. There are those who smuggle opium to
seduce the Chinese people and cause the spread of poision
to all provinces…
#13: How did Chinese leaders think of Europeans?
#14: What are some of the reasons that China believed the opium
trade should be stopped?
Lin Zexu’s Letter to Queen Victoria (edited)
The wealth of China is used to profit the barbarians. By
what right do they then in return use the poisonous drug to
injure the Chinese people? Where is your conscience? The
smoking of opium is strictly forbidden by your country
because the harm caused is clearly understood. Since it is
not permitted to do harm to your country, then you should
not let it harm others—especially China!
#13: How did Chinese leaders think of Europeans?
#14: What are some of the reasons that China believed the opium
trade should be stopped?
Lin Zexu’s Letter to Queen Victoria (edited)
Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a
single thing which is not beneficial to people. Take tea and
porcelain, for example: the foreign countries cannot get
along without them. On the other hand, the items coming
from outside China can only be used as toys. We can take
them or get along without them. Nevertheless, our Celestial
Court lets tea, silk, and other goods be shipped without limit.
This is for no other reason but to share the benefit with the
people of the whole world.
(Lin then asks Queen Victoria to end the opium trade…)
#13: How did Chinese leaders think of Europeans?
#14: What are some of the reasons that China believed the opium
trade should be stopped?
THE OPIUM WAR
• Lin Zexu’s letter and a Chinese crackdown on the flow of
opium led Britain to send its navy to China.
• (Copy down
Qs 15 and 16
before we watch
the video)
• (Pause to show
video on the
Opium War)
#15: What caused the Opium War?
#16: What was the result of the Opium War?
After the Opium War
• The Opium War was the beginning of the end of traditional
China…
– China was no longer the most powerful empire, no longer the
center of the world.
• 1853-1863: Taiping Rebellion
– Peasant rebellion. Dynasty
couldn’t stop it for a long time
because too busy dealing with
Europeans.
– 20 million died.
#17: Why was the Opium War “the beginning of
the end” for traditional China?
FURTHER CONCESSIONS
• 1860—Britain and France captured Beijing
– During the Taiping Rebellion
– Forced more concessions in the Treaty of Tianjin
•
•
•
•
Legalized opium
Open more ports to foreigners
Gave Hong Kong and Kowloon peninsula to Britain
Russia gained territory in Northern China
• China gradually lost more and more territory
– Also lost control of “tributary” states (Southeast Asia, Korea,
etc.)
#18: How did Europeans gain even more power
over China in 1860?
Spheres of Influence
#19: Make a rough map of China, showing how it had been divided
into “Spheres of Influence” for the competing European nations.
SHOULD CHINA REFORM?
• Some in China argued that they should begin to reform
their government, military, economy, and technological
programs along a European model.
– Because they need to compete with Europe.
• Others said China needed to stick to its traditions and
work to kick the foreigners out.
• The Empress Dowager Cixi took control from her nephew
when he tried to pass reforms.
Consider/Discuss: Should China have reformed
or not? Or, was it already too late?
“Open Door Policy”
• 1899 – US Secretary of State, John Hay proposes the “Open
Door Policy”
to other imperialist
powers.
• Basically, he
proposed that they
should help keep the
Chinese Empire alive,
and
all share equally in
access to China.
• Others weren’t too
excited about the idea.
#20: What was the “Open Door Policy?” What
country proposed this idea?
THE BOXER REBELLION
• (watch the video on the Open
Door Policy and the Boxer
Rebellion to answer Q20—
Copy down the Q now.)
#21: What was the Boxer Rebellion? When did
it occur? Why? What was the result?
THE QING DYNASTY COLLAPSES
• Empress Dowager Cixi began reforms
– “too little, too late.”
– Peasants found them useless—formed
Boxer-like secret societies.
– Chinese business leaders were upset when
she used foreign firms to build railroads.
• 1908—Empress and her nephew die.
– Leaves Puyi, a three-year-old, as the
Emperor…the last Emperor of China.
#22: Who was the last Emperor of China?
SUN YAT-SEN and the 1911 REVOLUTION
• Sun Yat-Sen united radical groups under his
Three People’s Principles:
– Nationalism (kick out the Manchurians)
– Democracy
– People’s Livelihood
• 1911—The Qing Dynasty falls, and
the Republic of China begins.
• (Note: we’ll learn more about what happened to China
afterwards when we study WWII and the Cold War.)
#23: When did the Qing Dynasty end? Who led
the Revolution and what were his big ideas?