Transcript Chapter 7: The Classical Era in the East

Chapter 7
The Classical Era in the East, India
and China
Page 1: Essential Questions (skip 5 lines)
• 1) What were the major accomplishments of the civilization
of India during the “Classical Era”? (2,4,6,)
• 2) What were the major accomplishments of the civilization
of China during the “Classical Era”? (8,10)
• 3) How did Eastern civilizations (India and China) compare
with the civilizations of the West? (Greece and Rome)
• 4) What factors contributed to the rise and fall of empires
and dynasties in the East (China) and the West (Rome)?
(12,14)
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Page 3: Key Vocabulary: (skip 3-4 lines)
1) Aryans
2) Emperor Asoka
3) Confucius
4) Hinduism
5) Mauryan Empire
6) Qin Dynasty
7) reincarnation
8) Gupta Empire
9) Shih Huang-Ti
10) caste system
11) Zhou Dynasty
12) Great Wall of China
13) Buddha
14) Mandate of Heaven
15) Han Dynasty
Page 2: Empires of India
Aryan Invasion
• Indus River Valley Civilization Collapses
• Aryans conquered Dravidians that lived there
Aryans
• 1500 B.C. came across Himalayas through a mountain pass from Asia
• Nomadic, herded cattle, fought for resources
• Contributions: iron weapons, horse drawn chariots, Sanskrit writingtaught only to wealthy higher castes
Aryan Invasion (continuation)
• Moved toward Ganges River pushed Dravidians south
• 900 B.C Aryans set up city-states in river valleys, each with its own
ruler
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Hinduism
• Hinduism- new polytheistic religion brought by the Aryans, provided
and entire way of life, served as guide from birth to death
• No single text: Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Vedas
Caste System
A New social order
• Mixing of Dravidian and Aryans led to new system of social
organization
• Only Aryans could occupy a high social class
People divided into 5 hereditary classes
• Priests
• Warriors
• Landowners
• Peasants
• UNTOUCHABLES
Caste System (continuation)
How Caste System was designed
• Based on birth
• No social mobility
• Could not marry outside of caste
• Untouchables are completely outside of the social order (handled
dead bodies, swept streets and animal waste)
Page 4: Buddhism
• Began in N. India 500 B.C.
• Siddhartha Guatama was a wealthy prince in Nepal
• Ventured outside palace walls and saw human suffering
• left wife and 2 kids in search of truth
• 6 years of searching found suffering caused by selfish human desires
• To end suffering a person has to accept world as it is and block out
desires
• He became “Enlightened One” = Buddha
Page 5: Bubble Map
Create a Bubble Map featuring the religion of
Buddhism and Siddhartha Guatama.
Spread of Buddhism
• Many followers attracted to Buddhism
• Rejected the caste system
• Spread to: N. India toward China, Thailand, Bhutan, Nepal, China,
Korea, Japan
Mauryan Empire (321 B.C. - 232 C.E)
• Shortly after Alexander the Great invaded NW India, Chandragupta
Maurya establishes the Mauryan Empire and challenged the Greeks
• Empire stretched from Afghanistan to Ganges River
• After Chandragupta, his grandson Asoka became the next great
ruler
Asoka
• Loyalty from his people through acts of kindness
• People of all religions will coexist
• Improved roads, built: hospitals, formal schools, shrines
• Promoted Buddhism
• Sent missionaries throughout India and beyond
• Upon Asoka’s death, the empire fell apart
Page 6: Gupta Empire (320 A.D. – 535 A.D.)
• Gupta family became ruling family
• United territory around Ganges River
• Encouraged peace, prosperity, trade with foreign lands--China
especially
• 200 years of Gupta rule known as “Golden Age of Hindu Culture”
“The Golden Age of Hindu Culture”
• The Gupta Empire
• Period of time marked by peace and stability
• Great strides in art and literature
• Built universities
• Music and plays written in Sanskrit
Gupta Contributions
• Excelled in science and math
• Concept of zero, Infinity, decimal system, Arabic numerals
• Earth is round, Astronomy ( earth rotates on invisible axis)
• Calculated solar year
• Physicians set bones and skin grafts
Gupta Empire Ends (500 A.D.)
Huns
• Attacked from central Asia
• Warlike tribe
• Invades NE India
• Gupta Empire disintegrated into smaller states
Page 8: Dynasties of China (1027 B.C. – 220 A.D.)
• Chinese history is divided into periods of history based upon 3
Dynasties/ruling families
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Zhou Dynasty (1027 B.C. – 221 B.C.)
• 1027 the Shang were conquered
• Zhou dynasty took over, justifying their rule through the “Mandate
of Heaven”
• Ruler was chosen by Heaven to overthrow bad ruler
• Later rulers would use this as basis for their reign and authority
Page 7: Bubble Map
Create a bubble map featuring Chinese
philosophy of Confucianism.
Zhou Rulers
• System of giving land to nobles in exchange for military service
• Nobles became too powerful to control
• Civil war began
Zhou Contributions
• Confucius (Confucianism)
• Sought to bring order to China’s social and political life
• Lao Tzu: looked more to peace and inner stability for people
Confucianism
Philosophy
• Based on what he believed was basic order of universe
• Stressed following traditional ways, which working towards peace
and harmony
• Live up to your name, fulfill your social obligations
• Valued: obedience and order, family including children’s devotion to
parents, family served as model for society, emphasized duties and
good deeds
Page 10: Daoism (Taoism)
• Chinese philosophy (5th century)
• Based on teachings of Lau Tzu
• Nature has a “WAY” – DAO – in which it moves
• You should accept the “WAY” not try to change it
• If you fight against it, it will work against you
• Enlightenment achieved through “non-striving”
• Enjoy nature, use meditation to let go of earthly concerns
Qin Dynasty (221 B.C. – 206 B.C.)
• Shih Huang-ti – lord of Qin (Chin)
• Ruler who unified all of China through conquest
• 1st Chinese Emperor
• Believed people are not good, they need strong ruler to punish
wrongs
• Harsh ruler – rejected Confucianism
• Persecuted scholars and burnt Confucian books
Page 9: Applying what you have learned
1) On page 89: How does this description of the “way”
compare to Western religious ideas about “God”
2) On page 85: read the Four Noble Truths. Based on
that reading and this reading on Daoism, how do these
religions or beliefs systems differ? How are they alike?
Qin Dynasty (continuation)
Shih’s Accomplishments
• Centralized power by dividing China into districts with own military
leader
• Joined walls to form Great Wall of China/protection from Mongols
• Immense tomb with army of terracotta/clay soldiers
• UNIFIED AND CENTRALIZED CHINA
Page 12: HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C. – 220 A.D)
• Shih dies, people rebel (rule was harsh)
• Civil war breaks out
• Han Empire emerges
Han Contributions
• New type of paper, lead glazed ceramics, silk weavings,civil service
exams
Page 11: Bubble Map
Create a bubble map featuring the
accomplishments/contributions of the Han
Dynasty.
Civil Service Exams
• Based on Confucian Teachings
• Applicants tested on knowledge of history and Confucian ideas
• Imperial service no longer a right passed down
• Commoners could now move up social ladder
• Confucianism began to unite all govt. and upper class of China
Silk Road
• Overland trade route from China to Roman Empire
• Merchants carried goods by camel caravan
• Silk, iron, bronze in exchange for: gold, linen, glass ivory, animal
hides, horses, cattle
• Buddhism spread into China—Cultural Diffusion
Children and Women (Han)
• Wealthy families had many children
• Sons could serve in govt.
• Daughters could marry into more wealth
Wealthy women treated well and influential
• In childhood obeyed their fathers
• In adulthood obeyed their husbands
• In old age obeyed their sons
Han Schools
• Public schools for boys only
• Taught: respect for parents (filial piety), looking after one’s parents
in old age
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Page 14: Fall of Han Dynasty
• Rebellion against authority
• More power given to provincial governors to appease them
• Power to raise army
• Power to raise taxes
• Governors became warlords
• Economic hardship
• 221 last Han emperor turns into independent warlord
• Han China collapsed into Civil War and split apart into separate
states
The End of the Empires
Why do Han and Roman Empires fall?
• Too large of areas to defend
• Too much power given to rulers
• Incapable rulers
• Corruption and unequal distribution of wealth
• High taxes to support army
• Constant invasions (Rome-Germanic tribes Ostrogoths, Visigoths,
Vandals) and for China (Huns, Mongols)
Page 13: Compare and Contrast (skip 6 lines)
1) In what ways were the collapse of the Han
and Roman Empires similar?
2) Are there any lessons that can be learned by
present-day world leaders from the factors that
led to the fall of either of these 2 empires?