Transcript Middle East to Japan and everything in between

Middle East to Japan and
everything in between
600 A.C.E.- 1450
• The caliph
Islam Foundations
– Upon Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr served as caliph ("deputy")
– Became head of state, chief judge, religious leader, military
commander
• The expansion of Islam
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633-637, seized Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia
640's, conquered Egypt and north Africa
651, toppled Sassanid dynasty
711-718, conquered the Hindu kingdom of Sind, Iberia, NW Africa
Success due to weakness of enemies, vigor of Islam
• The Shi’tte and Sunnis
– The Sunnis ("traditionalists") accepted legitimacy of early caliphs
• Were Arab as opposed to Islamic
• Did not feel caliphs had to be related to Muhammad
– The Shia sect supported Ali (last caliph and son in law of
Muhammad)
• A refuge for non-Arab converts, poor; followers in Irag, Iran
• Felt caliphs should be directly related to Muhammad
– Two sects struggled over succession; produced a civil war, murder
Islamic dynasties
• The Umayyad dynasty (661-750 C.E.)
– New caliph won civil war; murdered Ali; established
dynasty
– Established capital city at Damascus in Syria
– Ruled for the interests of Arabian military aristocracy
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The Abbasid dynasty (750-1258 C.E.)
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Showed no special favor to Arab military aristocracy
Empire still growing, but not initiated by the central
government
TRAVELERS COMPARED
Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta
• Rise of Russia
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Russia
Area inhabited by Slavs
Varangians (Vikings) arrived, used river system
Set up state based on trade, conquest around 9th Century
State founded by Rurik, people called Rus; capital Kiev
• The conversion of Prince Vladimir, 989
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Converted for trade, commercial reasons
Elites baptized by order of prince, often against will
Served as conduit for spread of Byzantine culture, religion
Conversion led to literacy, use of Slavonic; Greek traditions
Byzantine art and architecture dominated Kiev
• The growth of Kiev
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Princes established caesaropapist control of church
After 1453 claimed to inherit imperial crown of Byzantium
State divided into provinces ruled by princes/boyars
Landed nobles called boyars, constant strife with princes
Kievan rule was very decentralized
Constant threat, war with steppe nomads
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THE
TANG
DYNASTY
Founding of the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 CE)
– A rebel leader seized Chang'an, proclaimed a new dynasty, the Tang
– Tang Taizong
• 2nd Tang emperor, a ruthless but extremely competent ruler
• China enjoyed an era of unusual stability and prosperity
• Extensive networks of transportation and communications
• Bureaucracy of merit
– Recruited government officials through civil service examinations
– Career bureaucrats relied on central government, loyal to the dynasty
– Restored Confucianism as state ideology, training for bureaucrats
• Foreign relations
– Political theory: China was the Middle Kingdom, or the center of civilization
– Tributary system became diplomatic policy
• Tang decline
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Casual and careless leadership led to dynastic crisis
Rebellion of An Lushan in 755, weakened the dynasty
The Uighurs became de facto rulers
The equal-field system deteriorated
A large scale peasant rebellion led by Huang Chao lasted from 875 to 884
Regional commanders gained power, beyond control of the emperor
The last Tang emperor abdicated his throne in 907
SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.)
• Song Taizu
– Reigned 960-976 C.E.
– Founder of the Song dynasty
• Song weaknesses
– Song never had military, diplomatic strength of Sui, Tang
– Financial problems
• Enormous bureaucracy with high salary devoured surplus
• Forced to pay large tribute to nomads to avoid war
– Military problems
• Civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces
• Military was largely foot soldiers at war with cavalry nomads
– External pressures
• Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen attacked in north
• Constant drain on treasury to pay tribute to nomads
– The Song moved to the south, ruled south China until
1279
• Nomads invaded, overran northern Song lands
• Song retreated to the South along Yangtze, moved capital
• After defeat, constantly forced to pay tribute
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PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY
Foot binding gained popularity during the Song
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Emphasized dependence of women on men, home
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Wealthy, aristocrats could afford practice, hire servants to do work
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Feet of women broken, reformed around stilts
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Women could not walk without pain but had to shuffle
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Forced women to remain at home, dependent on others
Male sense of beauty at women’s expense
Poor, peasant women not subject to footbinding
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Women had to work with men to support family
Men could not afford to have women at home, idle
TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRY
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Porcelain
High quality porcelain since the Tang, known as chinaware
Technology diffused to other societies, especially to Abbasid Arabia
Exported vast quantities to southeast Asia, India, Persia, and Africa
Metallurgy
Improvement: used coke instead of coal in furnaces to make iron,
steel
Iron production increased tenfold between the early 9th and 12th
century
Gunpowder
Discovered by Daoist alchemists during the Tang
Bamboo "fire lances," a kind of flame thrower, and primitive bombs
Gunpowder chemistry diffused throughout Eurasia
Printing
Became common during the Tang
From block-printing to movable type
Books became widespread
Naval technology
"South-pointing needle" - the magnetic compass
Double hulled junks with rudder, water-tight compartments
POST-CLASSICAL S.E. ASIA
• Srivijaya (670-1025 C.E.)
– Established on Sumatra after the fall of Funan
– Maintained sea trade between China and India by navy
– Chola kingdom of south India eclipsed Srivijaya in 11th century
• Angkor (889-1431 C.E.)
– Kingdom built by Khmers (Cambodians)
• Two capitals Angkor Thom (Buddhism), Angkor Wat
(Hinduism)
• The city was a microcosmic reflection of Hindu world
order
• Famous for architecture and water technologies
– Immense wealth built on trade
– Centralized rule only near capital, feudal in farthest
reaches
– Turned to Buddhism during the twelfth, thirteenth
centuries
• Originally Mahayana Buddhist
• Later Theravada introduced from Sri Lanka
– Thais invaded the capital in 1431, and Khmers abandoned
it
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MEDIEVAL
JAPAN
Japanese feudalism
– Called the Shogunate Period
• Military dictators ruled, Emperors reigned in splendid isolation
• Government was centralized feudalism
– Countryside divided up into fiefs
– Daimyo appointed by the shoguns
– Adopted Neo-Confucianism as state philosophy
• Provincial lords controlled Japan
– Called Daimyo, vied for power against each other
– Constant war to increase personal power, wealth, fiefs
The Samurai
– The lowest class of aristocratic nobility
• Professional warriors of provincial lords
• Observed samurai code called bushido
• Valued loyalty, military talent, and discipline; traded military skills for food
• To preserve their honor, engaged in ritual suicide called seppuku
Japanese Women
– Legendary founder of Japan, Yamato clan was sun goddess, Amaterasu
– Under Heian
• They were the cultural elite with elaborate rituals including dress
• Had great influence, including several empresses
– Under Shogunate
• Lost considerable influence as Neo-Confucianism introduced, warfare spread
• Could still be samurai and fight but patriarchal society
• Shinto was also male dominated and included ancestor worship
FIEFS OF FEUDAL JAPAN
Feudalism in other places
• Existed in Japan and amongst Aztecs
ruler
Nobility
Europe
King
lord
Priests
Warriors
Priests
Knights
Japan
Emperor,
Shogun (warlord),
Daimyo
priests
Samurai
Workers
Serfs
Peasants, artisans
Code of
Conduct
Chivalry
Bushido
Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Empire
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Chinggis Khan ("universal ruler")
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Unified Mongol tribes by alliance, conquests
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Merged into empire
Mongol political organization
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Organized new military units
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Broke up tribal affiliations
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Chose officials based on talent, loyalty
Mongol conquest of northern China
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Overran Xi-Xia
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Towns which resisted were used as examples
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Later towns simply surrendered
Mongol conquest of Persia
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Wanted trade and diplomatic relations with
Persia
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Mongol force invaded Khwarazim empire
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Mongol forces destroyed Persian cities and qanat
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Chinggis died in 1227, laid foundation for a
mighty empire
Mongol rule was generally tolerant
Mongol War Machine
• Mongol warriors
– Excellent horsemen
– Accomplished archers
– Raised in the saddle and able to hunt as children
• Mongol armies
– Entirely cavalry
– Depended on speed and mobility in assaults
• Chinggis Khan reorganized the tribal armies
– Units called tumens containing 10,000 men
• Each unit command by separate leaders
• Sun-units called ordas; word “horde” in
English
• Communication by flag, drum
• Able to cover vast distances in one day
• Based on the hunting formations of the
Mongols
THE EMPIRE AT CHINGGIS’ DEATH
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Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan
Khubilai Khan rules Yuan Dynasty in China
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Chinggis Khan's grandson, consolidated Mongol rule in
China
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Conquest of southern China
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Song Dynasty fell in 1276, Yuan Dynasty founded in
1279
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Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java,
and Japan
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Mongol rule in China
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New hierarchy: Mongol and allies;
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Central administration reserved for Mongols, allies
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Brought foreign administrators into China and put
them in charge
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Dismissed Confucian scholars; dismantled civil
service examination
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Favored merchants, cities, peasants over Chinese
elites
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Mongol Social Policies
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Would not allow Mongols to settle in China nor
Chinese in Mongolia
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Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and
Chinese
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Promoted Buddhism, supported Daoists, Muslims,
and Christians
The 4 empires
Exchanges During the Mongol Era
From
Europe
From
Southwest Asia
From
South Asia
From
East Asia
Honey
Horses
Glassware
Slaves
Textiles
Rugs
Incense
Finished iron products
Finished gold products
Spices
Gems
Perfumes
Textiles
Gunpowder
Firearms
Rockets
Magnetic compass
Porcelain
Silk
Maritime Technology
Paper Making
Printing
Tea
Christian missionaries
Italian merchants
European diplomats
Muslim merchants
Nestorian merchants
Muslim diplomats
Indian merchants
Indian diplomats
Buddhist religious objects
Chinese bureaucrats
Chinese artists, artisans
East Asian diplomats
Sugarcane
Black Death
Intellectual Exchanges of Ideas, Art, Architecture, Knowledge was constant
Decline of the Mongols in Persia and
China
• Major Reason for Decline
– Mongols too few in number, settled
populations massive
– Any interaction resulted in acculturation
– Any intermarriage resulted in loss of
identity
– Mongol rule resented
– Settled populations began to use firearms
• 'The grave of the Sultan of the
World, Emir Timur Guragan. May
Allah accept his loyalty and allow
him entry to Paradise. By order of
the Sultan...'
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The Foundation of the Ottoman
Empire
Turks
Nomadic Turks migrated to Persia and Anatolia
Ottoman Turks settled on Byzantine border
Established warrior society raiding Byzantines
Osman
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Charismatic leader of clan
Ottomans Conquer the Balkans in 1350s
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Raided into Europe at Gallipoli (Dardanelles)
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Conquered Bulgaria, Serbia
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Pushed into Greece, Defeats Hungarian crusade
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Temporarily stopped by Timur’s invasion
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Mehmed II
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Sacked Constantinople in 1453
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Made Constantinople capital as Istanbul
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Absorbed remainder of Byzantine empire
During 16th century
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Extended empire to southwest Asia
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In southeast Europe
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Into north Africa
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Expansion of the Ottoman Empire