Transcript Ch. 12 The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia

Ch. 12 The Spread of Civilization
in East and Southeast Asia
500-1650
Section 1- Two Golden Ages
of China
Confucius
Tang Dynasty Reunifies China
• Sui Dynasty under Sui Wendi (589-618)
• First Tang emperor was Li Yuan
• Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea become
tributary states – states that remained selfgoverning, but recognized Chinese
supremacy and pay tribute
Tang Warrior
Sui Wendi
Tang Government
• Reinstituted Han government
• Recruited talented officials trained in
Confucian philosophy
• Tang brought land reform
– Split land holdings among the peasants
– Weakened the power of large landowners
Tang Declines
• Lost land to Arabs
• Downward swing of dynastic cycle
– Corruption, high taxes, drought, famine,
rebellions
Ceramic colored horse
From Tang Dynasty
On display in Shanghai
Museum
The Song Dynasty
• Ruled for 319 years
• Smaller state than the Tang
• Constant bombardment from the North
This Song-period
• Song culture flourished
reproduction of an
• Grand Canal- linked the Huang
eighth-century
landscape depicts
and Chang Rivers
Tang dynasty
emperor Xuanzong
• New type of rice
(the mounted figure
• Foreign trade thrived under the
in foreground
wearing red) fleeing
Tang and Song Dynasties
with his party to
Szechwan.
China’s Ordered Society
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gentry- wealth landowning class
Gentry valued education above all else
Peasants worked and lived off the land
The emperor was far removed from peasant life
Slavery played a minor role in Chinese society
Merchants are the lowest class because
Confucian virtues said that merchants gained
their wealth from others work
• Attitudes toward merchants effected the
economy
The Status of Women
• Higher in Tang and early Song
periods that later
• Control of household issues
• Women could not keep dowries or remarry
• Boys valued more that girls
• Girls become part of their husbands family
when they married
• Foot binding
Tang and Song Culture
• Artist Paint Harmony
• Architecture- pagoda
– Similar to Indian
stupa
• Porcelain- “chinaware”
• Chinese writing- Li Bo
Section 2- Mongol and Ming
Empires
Mongols
• Mongols are nomads from Central Asia
• Graze horses and kept sheep on the
steppes- vast, treeless plains
Genghis Khan
•
•
•
•
•
United Mongolian tribes
Highly trained horsemen
Fierce leader
Used cannons and gun powder
Died before conquest was complete, but
his heirs finished the job
Pax Mongolia
• “Mongol Peace”
• 1200s-1300s
– Mongols not oppressive rulers
– Made travel on the Silk Road safe
– Trading and inventions reach Europe
China Under Mongol Rule
• Kublai Khan
– Genghis Khan’s grandson
– Defeated the last Song emperor in 1279
– Ruled all of China, Korea, and Tibet
– He wanted to keep the Mongols and Chinese
separate
– Gave top positions to Mongols only
– Welcomed foreigners to his court
Li Bai Taking a Stroll
13th Century Southern Song Dynasty
Ma Yuan
Song Dynasty
On a Mountain Path in Spring
Brushed by his sleeves,
Wild flowers dance in the wind;
Fleeing from him,
Hidden birds cut short their song.
Marco Polo 1254-1324
•
•
•
•
Traveled from Venice, Italy to China
Spent 17 years in Kublai Khan’s service
Sparked European interest in Asia
He left a written account of his travels
– p. 378-379, complete questions 1 and 2 in
pairs and discuss
Ming Restore Chinese Rule
• Yuan dynasty declined after Kublai Khan’s
death in 1294
• Chinese hated Mongol rulers
• Uprisings were common
• Zhu Yuanzhang, a peasant leader, created
a rebel army
• He established the Ming (brilliant) dynasty
in 1368
• Ming restores typical Chinese government
Chinese Fleets Sail the Seas
• Zheng He- Chinese admiral and diplomat
– Sailed all around the Pacific and Indian
Oceans with his huge fleet and 28,000 sailors
– Reached India, Persian Gulf, and the east
coast of Africa
– Showed lesser kingdoms the power and
prestige of the Chinese
– Some Chinese permanently settled in these
trading port cities
Exploration Ends
• Zheng He died in 1435
• In the same year the Ming emperor
banned the building of seagoing ships
• Why would they do this?
– Urging of traditional Confucian scholars?
– Costly fleets?
– What might have happened if Ming China
kept exploring? (Hint: Think Christopher
Columbus)
Section 3- Korea and Its
Traditions
p. 383-386
Geography of the Korean
Peninsula
• Located on a peninsula
that juts out from China
• Points south toward
Japan
• 70% mountains
• Most people live on the
fertile west coast
• Its location so close to
China and Japan
profoundly effected the
course of Korean history
Development of Korea
• Korean migrated from Siberia and
Manchuria during the Stone Age
• They developed their own culture before
China’s influence during the Han dynasty
• From 100 B.C. to A.D. 676 there were 3
kingdoms: Koguryo in the north,
Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the
southeast
Korea during the 3 kingdom period
Development of the Silla and Koryo
Dynasties
• The 3 kingdoms often fought with each other
and with China
• Chinese influence government, Buddhism, arts
• Backed by the Tang emperor, the Silla kingdom
defeated Paekche and Koguryo in 676, uniting
Korea
• Silla 668-935
• Koryo 918-1392
• Choson 1392-1910
Silla Dynasty
•
•
•
•
Prosperous time in Korean history
Traded with China
Buddhism flourished
The capital of Kyongju was modeled off
the Tang capital of Chang’an
• Copied Chinese civil service examinations
but only allowed aristocrats to take the
tests
Koryo Dynasty
•
•
•
•
New capital at Songak
The name Korea comes from this dynasty
Invented movable type
Created porcelain called Celadon- bluish
green glaze
– Very difficult to perfect
– Highly prized throughout Asia
Koryo Dynasty
Incense burner
Celadon pottery from start to finish
Choson Dynasty
• Hangul is created as the new alphabet
– Made during the reign of King Sejong
– Uses symbols to represent the sounds of
spoken Korean
– Promotes a very high literacy rate
The Japanese invaded in the 1590s causing
destruction and brought many Korean
artisans back to Japan
The original decree by Korean King Sejong establishing the Hangul writing
system. In 1446, Sejong promulgated a new writing system, intended to
enable the common people to read and write. However, the Chinese language
remained the preferred linguistic medium of the scholarly bureaucracy and of
educated Koreans.
King Sejong