Transcript Chapter 3 - india an..

India & China
Confucius
Buddha
Chapter 3
Key Events
•Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Daoism, and
Legalism profoundly affected the way of life of the
early Indians and Chinese.
•The Silk Road provided a means for prosperous
trade.
•The ruler of the Zhou overthrew the Shang
dynasty and established the longest lasting
dynasty in Chinese history
•The Great Wall of China was built to keep out
enemies.
The Geography of India
• The Indian subcontinent is located along the southern edge
of Asia.
• In the north are the highest mountains in the world, the
Himalaya Mountains separate India from Asia
• Just south of the Himalaya is the rich valley of the Ganges
River, one of the most important regions of Indian culture.
• Monsoons are the most important feature of Indian Climate,
they are seasonal winds, Southwest monsoons bring heavy
spring rains
Indus River Valley Civilization
1st in India
• Early civilization in India developed in the Indus
River valley.
• A civilization flourished there from 3000 to 1500 B.C.
• Archaeologists have found remains of over a
thousand settlements in this area.
• The advanced civilization that flourished for
hundreds of years in these cities is called the
Harappan or Indus civilization.
Indus River Valley Civilization
1st in India
• Two sites have ruins of the major
cities Harappa and MohenjoDaro.
• Each of these cities had
around 35,000 people and
each was planned carefully.
• The cities had a grid of
streets and were divided
into walled neighborhoods.
Indus River Valley Civilization
1st in India
• Some houses were as high as
three stories. Buildings were
constructed of mud bricks.
• Public wells supplied water,
and bathrooms used an
advanced drainage system.
• A chute system took
household trash to public
garbage bins.
Indus River Valley Civilization
1st in India
• The Harappan economy
depended on agriculture.
• The chief crops were wheat,
barley, and peas.
• The Indus valley civilization
traded extensively with
Mesopotamia.
• They traded copper, lumber,
and various luxury goods for
Sumerian textiles and food.
The Arrival of the Aryans
• Aryan invaders ended the civilization of the
Indus River valley by conquering the Harappans.
• The Aryans were
a nomadic IndoEuropean people
living in central
Asia.
• Around 1500 B.C.
they moved south
across the Hindu
Kush mountain
range into northern
India.
The Arrival of the Aryans (cont.)
• The Aryans created a new
Indian society.
• Like other nomadic people, the Aryans excelled
at war.
• In India these nomadic warriors gave up the
pastoral life for regular farming.
• The introduction of iron helped make this
change, especially the introduction of the iron
plow, which could be used to clear the dense
jungle growth along the Ganges.
The Arrival of the Aryans (cont.)
• As nomads, the Aryans had
no written language.
• They developed their first
written language, Sanskrit,
around 1000 B.C.
• They wrote down the
religious rituals, legends,
and chants that previously
had been passed down
orally.
Song Written in Sanskrit
Society in Ancient India
• The Aryan conquest had a lasting effect on India.
• The meeting of conquered and conqueror created
a set of social institutions and class divisions that
last to this day.
Society in Ancient India
•The caste system was one of the most important Indian
social creations.
•It set up a rigid hierarchy of classes that determines a
person’s occupation, economic potential, and social status.
•There were five major classes, or castes.
The Untouchables –
Working after the
Tsunami of 2005.
Burning bodies in India.
Priests Religious leaders and teachers
Brahmin
Warriors
Responsible for leadership of the people
– often seek advice from Brahmin
Kshatriyas
Vaisyas
Sudras
Skilled Traders
& Merchants
Unskilled People who perform a serviceWorkers gardener, clothes washer
Outcast
Untouchables
Shop Keepers & people who
sell products
People that do “dirty” jobs –
belong to NO caste.
Society in Ancient India (cont.)
• The family was the basic unit of ancient Indian society.
• The ideal was to have an extended family of three
generations under one roof.
• Males dominated society – women were looked at as
a burden and married off early
•
An example of this is known as Suttee ---Required a wife to throw herself on her dead
husband’s funeral pyre and die herself. Those who
refused were disgraced
Hinduism
• The religion of Hinduism is based on Aryan religious
beliefs.
• We know about Aryan religious beliefs from
the Vedas, a collection of hymns
and ceremonies.
• The Vedas make up the oldest Hindu
sacred text.
• Hinduism is the ONLY religion that
evolved with no specific founder
HINDUISM
• A polytheistic religion
• Over time, three of the most
important gods merged
together to create a threepart deity called Brahman
– Brahma (creator)
– Vishnu (protector)
– Shiva (destroyer)
• Brahma permeates
everything in the universe
– Every living thing is
therefore related
– All living things have
souls
HINDUISM
• Reincarnation
– Each soul is reborn in the body of
some other creature over and over
again
– A person’s actions (karma)
determines the form of that person’s
reincarnation
• “good karma”—rewarded by
improvement in status in
reincarnation
• “bad karma”—punished by
degradation of status in
reincarnation
• Human existence is an endless round
of suffering
– “Wheel of suffering”
– No escape except through
meditation
• Only temporary
Hinduism (cont.)
Buddhism
• In the sixth century B.C., a new doctrine called Buddhism
appeared in northern India and rivaled Hinduism.
• Its founder was Siddhartha Gautama, known as the
Buddha (“Enlightened One”).
• Siddhartha lived a privileged, sheltered life among great
wealth. He was born a prince.
• He took a trip and saw how people suffered & rejected the
caste system
• He left his wife and son – spent 7 years wondering –
during this time he gained insight (friends called him the
“enlightened one”
THE BUDDHA
• Gurus appear around 600 BC who
argued that Hinduism had become
too materialistic and that people
should be more spiritual
• Foremost guru was Gautama the
Buddha
– Means “Enlightened One”
– Search for permanent escape from
wheel of suffering
– Argued that desire for material
goods causes suffering
ACHIEVEMENT OF NIRVANA
– Eight-step process to
escape wheel of
suffering
• Included nonviolence,
rejection of selfish
desires, cultivating
compassion and
honesty, cleansing
mind of evil thoughts,
etc.
• Nirvana—permanent
escape from the wheel
of suffering
• Attainment of
permanent peace and
tranquility
BUDDHA’S LIFE
• Buddha practiced what he
preached
– Only owned simple robe,
walking stick, and wooden
bowl
– Always slept outside and
walked everywhere he went
– Presented his creed in a
simple language
– Treated all persons equally
– Many people attracted to him
as a result
• Millions of converts
across Asia
Buddhism
New Empires of India
Kushan
Mauryan Dynasty
Around 1st Century AD
Important leaders:
•Trading Kingdom
•Chandragupta (324 – 301 BC)
•Asoka – Great leader
(converted to Buddhism)
Guptas
•Trade with Chinese and
Romans
•Silk Road developed – 4000 miles
between Europe and China
…Carried luxury goods – silks, tea
porcelain, ivory, jewels, and
textiles
Established 320 AD
•Prospered from mining,
trade, salt, and cloth
•Destroyed by the Huns
The Geography of China
• One of the greatest food-producing areas of the
ancient world developed in the valleys of two rivers
in China–the Huang He (Yellow River, so named
for its rich, yellow silt) and the Chang Jiang
(Yangtze River).
• The Huang He, which flows from Mongolia to the
Pacific Ocean, is more than 2,900 miles long.
• The Chang Jiang, which stretches across central
China to the Yellow Sea, is about 3,400 miles long.
• Only 10% of China can be used for farming b/c of
mountains and deserts
Shang Dynasty
SHANG DYNASTY
• Developed out of
Neolithic settlements in
Yellow River Valley
• Wealth based on land /
agriculture
• King over system of
territories run by
aristocrats (upper
class)
• Priests read oracle
bones. A king’s
question to the gods
would be etched on a
bone.
• ANCESTOR WORSHIP
1750 – 1122 BC
ZHOU DYNASTY
• King was believed to connect
Heaven and Earth
• Mandate of Heaven
– Rulers had special
permission from the gods
to rule but this permission
could be revoked and
given to another family if
the current rulers misused
their authority
• Kings expected to be virtuous
– rule the “proper way” or
Dao
• Later leaders become corrupt
– period of the warring states
1045 – 256 BC
The Chinese Philosophies
• From 500 to 200 B.C., three schools of thought about
human nature and the universe developed in
China– Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.
• Chinese philosophers were concerned
with how to live best in this world.
1.
Confucianism
• Confucius was known to
the Chinese as the First
Teacher.
• He was born in 551 B.C.
Motivated by Chinese
society’s moral decay and
violence, Confucius tried
to convince those in
power to follow his ideas
• His followers wrote down
his sayings in the
Analects
The Chinese Philosophies (cont.)
Confucius
• Duty & Humanity Ideas –
5 Constant Relationships
– Parent to child
– Husband to wife
– Older sibling to younger
sibling
– Older friend to younger
friend
– Ruler to subject
• His ideas were political
and ethical, not spiritual.
The Chinese Philosophies (cont.)
2. Daoism
• was a system of ideas based on the teachings of
Laozi. (the founder)
• Daoism’s chief ideas are in the book Tao Te Ching
(The Way of the Dao).
• Daoists believe that the way to follow the Dao is
inaction, not action.
• People should act spontaneously and let nature take
its course.
The Chinese Philosophies (cont.)
Legalism
• Unlike Confucianism or Daoism, Legalism
believed human beings were essentially evil.
• Legalism’s formula for social order was having a
strong ruler and harsh, impersonal laws, both of
which made people obedient through fear.
QIN DYNASTY
QIN DYNASTY
• Zhou kingdom had disintegrated into
numerous, small independent states by
600 BC
• Around 300 BC, the northwestern state of
Qin began to conquer neighboring states
• Under Shihuangdi ( leader) , Qin had
taken over all of northern China
– Proclaimed himself “First Emperor”
• SHIHUANGDI
– Eventually conquered all of what is
now China
– Centralized administrative system
– Standard system of weights and
measures
– Uniform coinage system
– Simplified standard alphabet
– Began work on the Great Wall!
The Great Wall of China
FALL OF THE QIN DYNASTY
• Shihuangdi accomplished his work in only ten years
– Drove his people mercilessly
– Imposed heavy taxes, imposed forced labor, and
brutally crushed all hints of dissent
• He became obsessed with finding a magic potion
that would give him eternal life in last years
• Died in 210 BC while on a quest to find magic potion
• His empire collapsed immediately in the midst of
civil war
HAN DYNASTY
HAN DYNASTY
• Founded by Lui Bang
– Former bandit leader
• 202 BC-220 AD
• Even today, Chinese call
themselves the “people of Han”
• Lui Bang continued centralizing
policies of Shihuangdi but went
easier on his people
–
–
–
–
–
–
Restored Confucian principals
Period of prosperity
Lowered taxes
Curtailed forced labor
Lightened up on repression
Put Han Dynasty on firm foundation
that would last 400 years
HAN WUDI
• Greatest of the Han emperors
– 157-87 AD
– Extended Han power into
Tibet, Korea, and Mongolia
– Established relations with
Japan
– Began work on the “Silk
Road”
• Trade route that
stretched from China,
through India and the
Middle East, and into
Europe
THE SILK ROAD