Transcript File unit 51

Unit 5
Discussion and Review
Byzantine Empire to 1000
How did the development of the Byzantine Empire
differ from the development of western Europe?
• The Byzantine Empire
– was the direct descendant of Roman imperial rule and Greek
tradition.
– centralized control whereas western European institutions were
decentralized.
– Prosperous economy (center of trade in Europe)
• The Byzantine emperors
– exercised caesaropapism, which combined supreme secular and
religious power in one person Foreign threats
– Byzantium was directly threatened by foreign invaders, especially
the Iranian Sasanid Empire (4th to 7th century) and ultimately by
Muslim expansion.
• The Byzantine Empire shrank steadily until Constantinople
itself was captured by the Ottomans in 1453.
Sum it up:
Justinian’s Achievements
• Recapture Roman
Lands
• Architecture
• Hagia Sophia
• Bridges
• Civil Law Code:
influenced civil law
in the west
Procopius: Secret History: Justinian
More Hagia Sophia
Review the Reasons for Decline
Moscow Rises In Power
1. Influenced by the
Byzantines
• Christianity
2. The Russian Orthodox
moves to Moscow
eventually the seat of
power is moved there.
-new capital established
Ivan the Great: First Tsar
• Ivan III, refused to pay Mongol
tribute
• Won many battles and recovered
lost territory
• claimed the leadership of the
Eastern Orthodox Empire
• Took the title czar (tsar) the
Russian word for Caesar
• Autocratic
Ivan IV
aka
Ivan the Terrible!
• Grandson of Ivan the Great
• Ruled from 1547-1584
Why Terrible?
• he resorted to torture, exile,
and execution to punish those
who plotted against him
• Significantly expanded Russia’s
territory and Russia prospered!
His Family….
Tragic, read on…
• In 1582 his daughter-in-law Elena appeared immodestly
dressed and Ivan censured her.
• His son Ivan Ivanovich rose to defend his wife,
whereupon the tsar killed his son, his only possible
respectable heir.
• This left as heir Ivan’s feebleminded son Fyodor (reigned
1584-1598), the last Ryurikid ruler in a line that
extended back seven centuries.
• Another son, Dmitry, was considered illegitimate because
his mother was Ivan's seventh wife (the church only
permitted three marriages, and recognized none of
Ivan’s later wives).
• Dmitry either killed himself playing with a knife or was
murdered in 1591
St. Basil’s Cathedral
•Legend has it that
Ivan the Terrible, who
was Tsar of Russia at
the time,
blinded the architect
when it was finished,
to prevent him from
building anything as
spectacular for any
other king.
China- Sui Dynasty
Sui Dynasty (581 -618)
• Reunified China and established a central
government
– Based and Confucianism and Buddhism
• Reason for decline
– Ambitious construction, Grand canal , irrigation, and
military projects
Tang Dynasty 618 – 907
• After a period of civil
war and decline in
China, the Tang
reestablished a unified
government.
• Tang emperors
expanded their influence
into Central and
Southeast Asia,
demanding tribute from
such places as Korea
and Vietnam. peasants.
• Tang emperors also
established a law code,
and renovated the canal
system to encourage
trade and communication
inside of China.
Inventions
• They began using block printing
in the 8th Century. Block
printing is a system of printing
where characters are carved
onto a wooden block. The
block is then inked and
pressed onto a sheet of paper.
• Other inventions include
mechanical clocks that kept
very accurate time. Early clock
maker Su-Sung made a state
of the art water clock stood
over 30 feet high.
No. 120: Su-Sung's Clock
• Tang scientists invented
gunpowder in the 9th Century
by combining saltpeter, sulfur,
and charcoal. First used in
fireworks!
No. 894: Inventing Printing
Medical Achievement!
Tang physicians
developed a small pox
vaccine in the 10th
century. However, the
widespread use of this
vaccine did not occur in
China until the 16th
century. This idea
eventually spread west,
and was introduced in
Europe in the 1600’s.
•
Wu Zhao
First Chinese Empress
Woman of Destiny
or
Woman of Darkness?
You Decide!
Group Reading
Chinese Noblewoman,
8th century-Tang Dynasty
Chinese Society
Under the Tang and Song dynasties,
China was a well-ordered society.
GENTRY
• Most scholar-officials were
gentry, from the wealthy
landowning class.
• Believed the government and
society should governed by
Confucius ideals
•
PEASANTS and MERCHANTS:
•Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land.
•Peasants could move up in society through education and
government service.
MERCHANTS
•According to Confucian tradition, merchants were an even
lower class than peasants because their riches came from
the labor of others.
Song Dynasty 960-1279
• China experienced a
short period of general
chaos, with no strong,
central government
• Song Dynasty comes to
power in 960.
• Song leaders supported
a revival of Confucian
thought. WHY?
• The ideal Confucian
official was a wise,
virtuous scholar.
• The Chinese Empire
under the Song was
smaller than the Empire
of the Tang
Rice Cultivation
• Under the Song,
China began extensive
rice cultivation. New
hardy strains were
developed.
•
China was able to plant two
rice crops a year, giving them
an abundance of food.
•
The Song also maintained
extensive trade with the
India, Persia, and the Middle
East.
• Wealthy Society: the
result of this was the
ability to pursue other
interests, such as art and
literature.
The Arts
• Song artisans were
known for their fine
porcelain, and the
use of calligraphy, a
form of fine
handwriting.
• Architects designed
the pagoda, which is
a multistoried
building with the
corners of the roof
curved up that were
used as temples.
•
Inventions
• Under the Song, the Chinese
invented movable type
printing machines.
• This idea spread to Korea
and Japan, and may have
also been spread to Europe
by Mongol armies.
• The use of movable type
allowed for faster printing,
and the widespread diffusion
of ideas.
• Other inventions include the
spinning wheel, which is a
machine used to make
thread.
•
Antique Chinese
Silk Spinning
Wheel
Footbinding -Song
Footbinding-Where did it come from?
• Chinese folklore attributes
the origins of footbinding
to a fox who tried to
conceal its paws while
assuming the human guise
of the Shang Empress.
• Another version suggests
that the Empress had a
club foot and insisted that
all women bind their feet
so that hers became the
model for beauty in the
court. Started in the Song
Dynasty.
• Some men, such as actors
or male prostitutes, also
bound their feet.
The Practice of Footbinding
Footbinding began in China during the Song dynasty
(10th century) and continued until the end of the
Qing dynasty. The practice was formally prohibited
in China in 1911 but continued in isolated regions
well into the 1930s. In 1998, the last factory to
manufacture shoes for women with bound feet (in
Harbin, China) ended production.
Mongol Empire
Temuchin's Rise
 Born ca. 1162, d. 1227
 After long period of tribal conflict and
intrigue, succeeded in unprecedented feat of
unifying all Mongols.
 Declared Khan of Khans and given name
Genghis Khan, 1206.
Mongol Empire
• (1206–1405) was the largest land empire in
world history
• Stretched from Korea to Hungary and Baghdad
Genghis Khan’s Value Statement
“The greatest joy a man can know is to
conquer his enemies and drive them
before him. To ride their horses and
take away their possessions. To see the
faces of those who were dear to them
bedewed with tears, and to clasp their
wives and daughters in his arms.”
Describe both Mongol horse breeding and the climate of
Mongolia.
• Mongol horses
• could survive the cold and dry climate in Mongolia.
• Mongols purposely did not feed or shelter their
horses, leaving them to forage for their own food.
• Natural selection
– thus ensured that only those able to adapt to the
environment would survive.
Mongol Battle Tactics
•
•
•
•
•
•
Constant practice in riding, archery.
Traveled very light.
Extraordinary endurance.
Extraordinary military discipline.
Extremely ruthless in battle.
combined technological advances in their
bows with outstanding horseback ability and
flexibility of military tactics.
Mongol Battle Tactics
 Remarkable ability to coordinate armies
separated by great distances.
 Incorporated non-Mongol soldiers with
Mongol leaders
 Mobility unheard of by armies of the time--up
to 100 miles/day.
 Mongol combination of mobility and
communication probably not equaled again
until W.W. II.
Mongol Rule
•Once a conquest was complete, the Mongols were
not oppressive rulers.
•Cities generally left under native governors.
•Conquered peoples to live much as they had — as
long as they paid tribute to the Mongols.
Maximizing
revenues was the central goal of
Mongol leaders
Utilized tax farming
Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace
• Peaceful periods allowed for the movement of
people, knowledge, and skills across Eurasia
• Technology such as gunpowder, diplomatic
passports and movable type spread to Europe
Mongol Invasions
Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:
– If you do not pay homage,
we will take your prosperity.
– If you do not have prosperity,
we will take your children.
– If you do not have children,
we will take your wife.
– If you do not have a wife,
we will take your head.
 Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never recovered
from Mongol destruction!
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368
C.E.
 Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294]
– Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”]
• Tolerated Chinese culture
but lived apart from them. 
• No Chinese in top govt. posts.
• Believed foreigner were more
trustworthy.
• Encouraged foreign trade & foreign
merchants to live and work in China.
 Marco Polo
“I did not tell half of
what I saw.” Marco Polo
The Travels of Marco Polo is
considered one of the most
famous travel guides in
history.
Polo’s famous account of his
seventeen years of service
to Kublai Khan provided
Europe
with
the
first
substantial record of China.
Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644
C.E.
Golden Age of Chinese Art
– Moderation
– Softness
– Gracefulness
 Hundreds of thousands of
workers constructed the
Forbidden City.
Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)
 Ming “Treasure Fleet”
 Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide
 China’s “Columbus?”
1371-1435

Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages
 First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men].
 Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip].
 Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men].
 Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men].
 Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419
 Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422
 Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship
builders and sailors to stop work.
 Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433
 Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore
peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam
 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return
trip.
Shape of the World Video Clip…
Why did Ming emperors turn their back
on overseas exploration?
1. Confucian scholars had little interest in
overseas ventures. To them, Chinese
civilization was superior to all others.
2. The Chinese wanted to preserve ancient
traditions, which they saw as the source of
stability.
3. Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did
not produce any profits.
Korea and Japan
During the Middle Ages
500-1600
• Korea’s location on
China’s doorstep has
played a key role in
its history and
development.
Chinese Influence
Korean
government adapted Chinese ways
-the Chinese civil service examination
Koreans absorbed many Chinese traditions,
but
Korea was able to preserve its
maintain a separate and distinct culture.
Choson (or Yi) Dynasty
1392-1910
• In 1392, the
Koreans
overthrew their
Mongol
conquerors and
set up the Choson
dynasty
• The period began
in 1392 and
ended in 1910.
• Japan will control
Korea from 1911
to 1945.
Painting on Silk
- 18th century
Yi Dynasty (1392 -1910)
• The Yi kingdom
– Founder Yi Song-Gye
– Established the longest dynasty in Korea
– The Mongols shared information and facilitated the
spread of technologies and knowledge to Korea.
• Education
– Moving from block printing to movable type, brought
about a very high rate of literacy
• Hangul
• military technology
– Patrol ships with mounted cannons, gun powder arrowlaunchers, and armored ships
– made possible a formidable navy
Class System
• Aristocrats (ruling class)
• Yang-ban (Upper class)
• Jung-in (Middle class)
– Merchants, artisans, doctors
• Chun-min (Lower class)
– Peasants, farmers, slaves,
• Baek-jung (untouchables)
– butchers, executioners
Easy to Learn Language


Illiteracy is virtually
nonexistent in Korea.
This is another fact
that attests to the
easy learn ability of
Han-gul.
Han-gul Language
As the above examples clearly show, Hangul. with only 14 consonants and 10 vowels,
is capable of expressing virtually any sound.
Geography of Japan
1. Japan is located on
an archipelago, or
chain of islands,
about 100 miles off
the Asian mainland.
2. Four-fifths of
Japan is
mountainous
3. Most people settled
in narrow river
valleys and along
coastal plains.
4. The surrounding
seas have both
protected and
isolated Japan.
5. Japan was close
enough to the
mainland to learn
from Korea and
China, but too far
away for the
Chinese to
conquer.
6. The seas also
served as trade
routes for Japan
Shinto: Japan’s
Native Religion
•
•
•
•
Shinto means: “The
way of the gods.”
No complex rituals or
philosophy.
Believers in Shinto
find beauty in “kami”:
the forces of nature
Nickname: “Land of
the Rising Sun” comes
from the ancient
beliefs in their sun
goddess Amaterasu.
Shinto Explained
There are "Four Affirmations“ in Shinto:
 Tradition and the family: The family is
seen as the main mechanism by which
traditions are preserved. Their main
celebrations relate to birth and marriage.
 Love of nature: Nature is sacred; to be in
contact with nature is to be close to the
Gods. Natural objects are worshipped as
sacred spirits.
 Physical cleanliness: Followers of Shinto
take baths, wash their hands, and rinse
out their mouth often.
 "Matsuri“: The worship and honor given to
the Kami and ancestral spirits.

Yamato Clan
500-1000 AD
•
•
•
•
Recorded Japanese history
begins in approximately
A.D. 500 when the
Yamato clan takes over
much of Honshu Island
Roots are traced back to
the legendary sun goddess
First and only dynasty but
each emperor has claimed
his roots through this clan
even to today
Through the 700s Japan
was greatly influenced by
China
Emperor Akihito and wif
Order and Unity Restored
Under the Tokugawas,1603-1868
•
•
The Tokugawa shogunate
was the longest period of
uninterrupted peace
Japan ever enjoyed.
Impose central control
throughout Japan
• Forbid travel; blocked
foreigners
Kabuki Theater




Created by Okuni, a
woman but actors are now
all men, why?
Tokugawa disapproved of
women having an elevated
status and forbid it!
Kabuki theater is famous
for its brightly colored
sets, exaggerated acting,
and lively and emotional
music and dance.
Developed during the
1600’s Kabuki is the most
popular form of traditional
Japanese theater.
Kabuki Theater Tour
Kabuki Theater
http://www.fix.co.jp/kabuki/kabuki.html
Chinese Civilization
Influenced Early Japan
The
Japanese kept some Chinese
ways but discarded or modified
others. This process is known as
selective borrowing.
Areas of influence:

Chinese ideas about government
Chinese fashion
Chinese foods
Confucian ideas and ethics
Chinese architecture
Rejected Civil service system

By
Birth is more important than
abilitites
AD 800 enthusiasm for
everything Chinese died down.
Japanese Social Structure
In theory, the emperor stood at
the head of Japanese feudal
society. In fact, he was
powerless. Real power lay in the
hands of the shogun, or supreme
military commander.
The shogun distributed land to
vassal lords who agreed to protect
them. These great warrior lords
were called daimyo. They, in turn,
granted land to lesser warriors
called samurai.
The Warriors World
•Belonging to a Japanese
samurai class was a
hereditary membership
•About five in every 100
belonged to this class
•Privileges: Carry two
swords and wear a special
headdress
•Highly trained and
received special privileges
in Japanese society
19th century Samurai
Japanese Warrior Armor
“The way of the warrior”
•A code of unquestioning obedience
•Honor more important than wealth
or life
•Absolute loyalty to one’s lord
•A true samurai would have no fear
of death because –“If you think of
saving your life, you had better not
go to war at all”
Practiced “seppuku” a ritual
suicide
Zen Buddhism
•Widely popular among the Samurai class
and it spreads because of their support
•It emphasizes physical and mental health
•Transition easy for the Shinto believers
•Believed in the unity of nature
•Buddhist monasteries were centers of
learning and the arts
-landscape gardening
-flower arranging
Introduced into
Japan by Eisai
•Meditation and prayer are important to
spiritual growth
Zen Buddhism
Samurai Sisters
Reading: “Samurai Sisters:
Feudal Japan”
•Samurai women were expected
to exhibit: loyalty, bravery and
take on the duty of revenge
•Women were to responsible for
the harvest, household supplies,
servants and educating the
children
•Occasionally, women would join
in the battles with the men
•“Seppuku” was required for
women also
Video Clip from Shogun
Women will eventually be bound
by the “Three Obediences…”
Peasant Women
Reading: “Peasant Women”
Select four facts. Discuss.
• 90% of all women in this class
• Worked alongside the men
• Could inherit property as long
as they did not remarry
• Divorce was uncommon but
available
• Farmers only took one wife
• Wore their hair short
• Eventually the samurai ideal
influenced this class and their
freedoms changed…