Transcript Eastern Empires--Muslims, Chinese, Japanese

Eastern Empires
By Chris Anderson
Randolph-Henry High School
Muslim Empires
Three powerful Muslim Empires emerged
in the world between 1400 & 1800
– 1.) Ottoman Empire—Eastern Europe
– 2.) Persian Empire—Central Asia
– 3.) Mogul Empire—India
These Muslim Empires used their strong
militaries to acquire lots of land
This conquest of land also led to their
spreading of the Muslim faith
1.) Ottoman Empire
Late 13th century (1200s), the Ottoman Turks
settle in Asia Minor (Turkey)
The Ottomans quickly took over the Byzantine
Empire
The Ottomans turned Constantinople into the
Ottoman capital in 1453
By the 16th Century (1500s) the Ottomans had
taken over the Balkan Peninsula—Greece—and
parts of Eastern Europe
They then took over parts of the Middle East,
North Africa, and Russia
The Ottomans had a very powerful navy
The navy was used to protect their
Mediterranean trade
Philip II of Spain did not want the
Ottomans or Islam in Europe
1571: Philip II attacked the Ottomans and
defeated them at the Battle of Lepanto
Navies at the Battle of Lepanto
Suleiman I (1520-1566) was one of the
most powerful Ottoman leaders
He made the military even stronger
Suleiman was:
– A military commander
– A skillful administrator
– A patron of the arts
– Sultan—religious leader
He was given the nickname of “lawgiver”
because he reorganized Ottoman law
Suleiman had absolute power in his
empire
Suleiman I as a young
man
The Ottoman Empire was very large and
included many different peoples and
religions
The Empire was divided into different
classes of people:
– 1.) Ruling class—Sultan and his family
– 2.) Nobility—these people administered the
agricultural estates
– 3.) peasants—largest and lowest class; they
worked on the estates
Map of the Ottoman Empire
To deal with the different cultures in the
empire, the Ottomans came up with
special laws
– Non-Muslims could worship if they paid a tax
to the government
– Different religious communities could choose
their own local leaders
The Ottomans then changed the
Christianity city of Constantinople into the
Muslim city of Istanbul
The Ottoman Empire did not last forever
1600: the Empire reached its peak, then
began to decline
The Ottomans were surrounded by
enemies—Persians and Europeans
1683: The Polish King, Jan II Sobjeski,
led forces against the Ottomans, defeating
the Ottomans at Vienna
– This defeat proved the Ottoman Empire was
weakening
1800s: The Ottomans tried to bring Western
ideas into the empire
They also attempted to reform the economy and
social problems in the empire
– They passed the Hatt-I Humayun Decree
– This law allowed people from all cultures and religions
to hold public office
The government tired to make tax reforms and
military reforms
Parts of the empire began to slowly break away
The empire will hold on until after World War I
(1918)
2.) Safavid Persia
The Persian Empire was east of the
Ottoman empire
The Safavid Persians were Shiite
Muslims
The Safavid Persians settled in modern
day Iran
The Shiite Muslims were enemies of the
Ottoman Turks
The leader of the Shiite Muslims was
Ismail
Ismail unified the people of Iran
He also created a new dynasty called the
Safavid Dynasty
Ismail and later Safavid Emperors forced
their people to accept the Shiite form of
Islam
This belief in Shiite Islam separated the
Persians for the rest of the Muslim peoples
1587: Shah Abbas (1587-1629) took the
throne in Persia
Abbas used his strong army to take land
away from the Ottomans
He also made alliances with England
against the Ottomans
Shah Abbas made his capital at Isfahan
– Isfahan was one of the most impressive cities
in the Muslim world
– The Royal Mosque—known for its large
blue dome—was built in the city
Royal Mosque
Shah Abbas
Shah Abbas helped spread the Muslim
faith and culture, the Persian language,
and trade throughout the world
1629: Shah Abbas died
The leaders after Abbas were weak,
causing the empire to decline
1736: Nader Shah came to power
– He wanted to help Persian regained its power
– In 1747, Nader Shah was assassinated
– After his murder, the Persian empire began to
break apart
Nader Shah
3.) Mogul Empire
The Mogul empire traces its roots back to the
1100s
1100s: Muslim invaders conquered Northern
India
1206: these Muslims created a kingdom in
Northern India
– The kingdom was centered around the city of Delhi
The Muslim rulers were very cruel to the native
Indian Hindus
– Hindus were force to pay heavy taxes
– Hindu temples were destroyed
In the 14th century (1300s) a Muslim man
took over most of Central India (Asia)—
Tamerlane
– Tamerlane claimed to be descendant of
Genghis Khan
Tamerlane made the city of Samarkand
his capital
Tamerlane was ruthless and cruel
1398: his forces attacked Delhi,
destroying the city
After his death, his empire fell apart
Tamerlane
16th Century (1500s) Muslims again
attacked northern India
These Muslims were led by Babur—a
descendant of Tamerlane
1526: Battle of Panipat—Babur took
over the city of Delhi
Babur then created the Mogul Dynasty—
a dynasty that lasted 300 years in India
Babur
Akbar took the throne when his
grandfather, Babur, died
Akbar brought peace and order to northern
India
He allowed religious tolerance—free
worship for al religions
He invited religious scholars from many
different religions to his court to educate
him
Akbar allowed the arts to flourish in India
Akbar
Shah Jahan was the Mogul ruler who built
the Taj Mahal
17th Century (1600s)—the Mogul dynasty
began to weaken
A new religion was spreading in India—
Sikhism
– Blend of Hinduism and Islam
Later Mogul rulers did not tolerate this new
religion
Shah Aurangzeb began to attack the
Hindu people
The Hindus revolted
1858: The Moguls completely lost power
Chinese Dynasties
Ming Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
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1368: the Yuan Dynasty ended in China
Two new dynasties will eventually take control
of China—Ming and Qing
Both dynasties will have strong central
governments, improved agricultural advances,
initiate public works projects
China’s population began to increase under both
dynasties as trade and food production increased
The later emperors will begin to isolate
themselves—leading to corruption in China
Ming Dynasty
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1368: the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by a
military officer named Zhu Yuanzhang
Yuanzhang lead a rebellion to overthrow the
Yuan Dynasty
Yuanzhang was born into a poor peasant family
Before entering the military, he was a Buddhist
monk
After his victory over the Yuan, he made
himself emperor of China—the 1st time that a
peasant had risen to power in China
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After becoming emperor, Yuanzhang changed
his name to Hong Wu
He then made his capital at Nanjing
Hong Wu named his dynasty the Ming Dynasty,
meaning “Brilliant Dynasty”
The Ming Dynasty would rule over China for
300 years
Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang
(Hong Wu)
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The Ming Dynasty brought peace, prosperity,
and stability to China
The Ming Emperors improved tax codes, laws,
and reformed the government
The new laws were harsh
Confucianism became the empire’s official
doctrine
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Most government positions were civil service
positions—people had to pass tests to get the jobs
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The Ming enforced peace in the empire
China’s economy grew under this peace
Northern China had been destroyed by invading
barbarians
To get people to move into Northern China to
protect the region and to rebuild the region, the
Ming government offered people free land,
tools, animals, and seed
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Thousands of Chinese took the deal and moved to
Northern China, making the region very productive
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With more people farming, artisans could
concentrate on creating their fine works:
Silk cloth
 Tea
 Porcelain
 Cotton cloth
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The artisan’s crafts could be traded for food or
other goods
This trade made the merchants and artisans very
wealthy
As the people gained wealth, they demanded
more entertainment and education
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The Ming spent lots of money on constructing a navy
The navy would sail to different ports and collect
tribute (taxes) from the different places in the empire
1405-1433: the emperor Yong Le sent out 7 sea
expeditions
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These expeditions were designed to show off China’s naval
power
The expeditions were led by Zheng He
Zheng He sailed to India, Persian Gulf, and parts of Africa
The voyages proved to be very costly and were
abandoned in the late 1400s.
Yong Le
Zheng He
Zheng He’s Ship in
relation to a
European ship
Zheng He’s route
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Yong Le will move the Chinese capital from
Nanjing to Beijing
Beijing was completely rebuilt from 1404-1420
1421: the Chinese government moved into the
city of Beijing
Within Beijing was the personal “city” of the
emperor—the Forbidden City
To enter the Forbidden City, one would pass
through the Gate of Heavenly Peace
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The emperor and his family lived in the Forbidden City
The Forbidden City had 2 main sections:
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1.) an area for the emperor’s own personal use
2.) an area for state occasions
The main courtyard of the Forbidden City could hold
90,000 people
Later Ming emperors isolated themselves in the
Forbidden City
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This isolation allowed the government to become very
corrupt
As the empire began to fall apart, invaders from Manchuria
attacked, eventually taking the Ming Empire
Gate of Heavenly Peace
Moat around Forbidden City
View of Forbidden City
inside Beijing
Qing Dynasty
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The Manchurians (Manchus) created a new dynasty in
China in 1644
They called their new dynasty the Qing Dynasty
The Manchurians were NOT Chinese
The Qing Emperors expanded China into:
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Manchuria
Mongolia
Xinjiang
Tibet
Taiwan (1683)
The Qing Dynasty lasted nearly 300 years
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The Qing Dynasty held onto Confucian values,
just like the Ming
The Manchu leaders were outnumbered by their
Chinese subjects
The Manchus tried to adopt a lot of Chinese
culture to help them fit in better
The Manchus gave most of the military and
government jobs to other Manchus
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1645: The Manchu leaders handed down an
order that all Chinese men had to shave their
heads and wear a queue—a long braid
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Chinese men that refused to wear the queue
were executed
The queue was a way to distinguish between
Chinese subjects and the ruling Manchus of the
Qing Dynasty
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The Qing Dynasty did help out the Chinese
people
Taxes were reduced
 Peace was kept, causing the economy to grow
 Food production increased, causing population to
increase
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In 1600, China’s population was 150 million
In 1800, China’s population was 350 million
Most of China’s population lived in rural
(country) areas
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Northern and Southern China were also
different
North—farmers owned and worked their own land
 South—farmers worked for a landlord
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With the population increasing, nearly all arable
land was used for farming
In hilly areas, terrace farming was used
Rice and wheat were grown on most of the
farms
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Some farmers grew cash crops—crops raised for
trade: cotton
Other farmers raised silk worms and produced
silk for extra money
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These silk farmers would grow mulberry trees—the
only food that silkworms will eat
Trade within the empire also increased under the
Qing rulers
Many people in Europe began demanding
Chinese goods—silk, porcelain, tea, etc.
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The 1st Europeans to arrive in China came
during the Ming Dynasty
Portuguese traders were the 1st Europeans in
China in 1514
The Chinese did not like the Portuguese—called
them devils and refused to trade with the
Portuguese devils
By 1557, the Portuguese had established a trade
colony in China
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As soon as Portugal had established trade with
the Chinese, Jesuit missionaries saw an
opportunity to Christianize the Chinese
The Chinese were not interested in Christianity
The Chinese were interested in the scientific
ideas brought by the Jesuits—astronomy,
physics, etc.
The Qing emperors worried that the Jesuits were
becoming too involved
The Qing government forced the Jesuits to leave
The Jesuits were unable to make China into a
Christian nation
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1700s: the Qing Dynasty began to decline
because of government corruption and rebellion
against the government
China’s population was steadily growing, causing
the government to raise taxes to support the
growing population
The taxes raised never reached the government
 Tax collectors would keep the $
 The peasants began to revolt against the government
b/c the government did nothing to stop the corrupt
tax collectors
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1850: Taiping Rebellion occurred
The leader of the Taiping rebellion--Hong
Xiuquan--had adopted some Christian values
and created his own version of Christianity
Xiuquan tried to create a new dynasty in China,
replacing the Qing Dynasty
The rebellion lasted 14 years and destroyed
much of Southern China
The government of China was left weak
Hong Xiuquan