Transcript Chapter 13 Notes

Chapter 13 Notes
Spread of Civilizations
in East Asia
Section 1
Two Golden Ages of China
The Brilliant Tang (618 AD)
- Empress Wu Zhao usurped the throne, declaring herself
“Son of Heaven”; she was the only woman who ruled
China in her own name
- Strong rule during one of the greatest empires in
Chinese history
Building an Empire
– Li Yuan – first Tang emperor
Led a revolt along with his son against the Sui dynasty
Son became emperor and was called Tang Taizon
– Tang Taizon
Brilliant general, government reformer, historian, and master
calligrapher
China’s most admired emperor
– Tributary states Korea, Tibet, Vietnam
The Brilliant Tang (618 AD)
Government and Economy
– Rebuilt bureaucracy and enlarged civil service system
to include Confucian philosophy
– Land reform –
Strengthened central government by limiting power of
landowners
– Grand Canal
Increased trade and transportation
Linked the Huang He and Yangzi rivers
Decline
– Corruption, taxes, drought. Etc.
– Invaders from Central Asia (Arabs)
– 907 AD – rebel general overthrew final Tang emperor
Prosperity Under the Song (960 AD)
Golden Age
– Economy expanded
– Farming shifted from wheat to rice
– Improved irrigation
– Foreign trade increased
Chinese Society
- emperor, court and aristocratic families, gentry,
peasantry
Gentry –
– Had the money to complete the schooling and exams
needed for civil service offices
– Valued learning over labor
– Revived Confucianism
Peasants
– Lived on what they produced (subsistence); were able
to produce handicrafts for trade
– Lived in self-sufficient villages; including government
– Could rise in society through education
Chinese Society
Merchants
– Under Confucian thought,
merchants were lower than
the peasants because they
made their wealth on the
labor of others
Status of Women
– Ran family affairs (manage
servants and finances)
– Completely a part of the
husband's family; could not
keep dowry or remarry
– Foot binding –
Became a symbol of
nobility and beauty;
extremely painful
Arts and Literature of the Tang and Song
Landscape Painting
Other Arts
– Buddhist themes were
dominant
– Pagoda –
– Porcelain, “chinaware”
A Flood of Literature
– Blended fantasy, romance,
adventure
– Poetry was the most
common
– Li Bo – greatest Tang poet
Drowned while trying to
embrace the reflection of
the moon in a lake
Section 2
The Mongol and Ming Empire
Building the Mongol Empire
- Genghiz Kahn “World Emperor”,
ruled from Pacific Ocean to
Eastern Europe
Conquests
– Imposed strict military discipline
and demanded absolute loyalty
– Used cannons and gunpowder
and missiles
Mongol Rule
– Often allowed conquered people
to live much as they had before,
as long as they paid tribute
– Ruled with toleration and justice
– Accepted Confucianism,
Buddhists, Christians, Muslims,
Jews
The Mongol Peace
– Years between 1200-1300
became known as Pax
Mongolica, Mongol Peace
– Political stability helped economy
grow; much cultural diffusion
China Under Mongol Rule
- Kublai Kahn (Genghizs’ grandson), conquered last of
Song dynasty and set up capital at Cambulac
- Ruled China, Korea, Tibet, Vietnam
Government
– Tried to prevent Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese
culture
– Only Mongols could serve in the army, highest government, jobs
– Did choose Chinese name for dynasty, Yuan
A Western Visitor
– Italian merchant, Marco Polo, spent 17 years in Kublai’s service
– Described grand palaces, efficient mail system, roads, reported
city of Hangzhou was 10 times size of Venice
Other Contacts
– Pope sent Christian priests, Muslims
The Ming Restore Chinese Rule
- Yuan dynasty fell with Kublai’s death
- Zhu Yuangzhang defeated Mongols and drove them
over Great Wall; founded Ming dynasty in 1368
Economic Revival
– Fertile, well-irrigated plains of East China supported population
of 100 million
– Huge rice crops in Yangzi valley; corn and sweet potatoes
arrived from Americas
– Industries of porcelain, paper, tools
Cultural Flowering
– Popular literature: The Water Margin
– Opera, landscape painting
China and the World
The Voyages of Zheng
He (1405 AD)
– Led fleet of 65 huge ships,
hundreds of smaller ones, and
crew of 25,000
– Goal was to promote trade
and collect tribute from lesser
powers across “western seas”
– Explored coasts of SE Asia
and India, entrances to Red
Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa
– Placed tablets everywhere he
went proclaiming that the Ming
dynasty unified the “seas and
continents”
Turning Inward
– 1433 AD – Zheng He died;
emperor banned the building
of seagoing vessels
– Later ships with more than two
masts
Section 3
Korea and Its Traditions
Geography of the Korean Peninsula
Mountains and Seas
– Low, steep mountains cover 70% of the land; most important
range is the Taebaek
– Most people live along the western coastal plains and farm
– Hundreds of good harbors along 5400 mile coastline
– Depend on seafood diet; third largest fishing industry
The Impact of Location
– Received many cultural and technological advancements from
China
– Korea was a cultural bridge linking China and Japan
– Earliest Koreans migrated from Siberia and Manchuria during
the Stone Age
– By 108 BC, Emperor Wudi introduced government ideas
including Confucianism to Korea
Korea United (300-600 AD)
Local rulers forged separate
kingdoms
– Koguryo (north)
– Paekche (southwest)
– Shilla (southeast)
Shared the same language
and culture; Mahayana
Buddhism
Under the empress Wu Zhao,
the Shilla kingdom united the
Korean Peninsula in 668 AD
Chinese Influence
– Shilla Dynasty
Was a tributary state under
China acknowledging
overlordship but keeping
independence
Looked upon China as a
younger brother
– Adapted Chinese civil service
system but was only for
aristocrats
Korea United (300-600 AD)
Buddhist Influence
– Koryo Dynasty
– Used woodblock
printing for Buddhist
texts
– Made movable metal
type for books
– Porcelain from China;
celadon –
Secret of celadon lost
forever when
conquered by Mongols
Choson: The Longest Dynasty
General Yi Song-gye (1392 AD)
– Pushed Mongols out and set up Choson dynasty
– Used Confucian principles instead of Buddhist
A Korean Alphabet
– 1443 AD – King Sejong replaced complex Chinese
characters with hangul –
– Literacy rate -
Japanese Invasions
– 1590’s – Japan invaded China by way of Korea
Section 4
The Emergence of Japan
Geography: Japan, a Land Apart
Archipelago –
– 4 main islands: Hokkaido,
Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku
Land and Sea
– About the size of Montana; 4/5
of land is too mountainous to
farm
– Most people farm in narrow
river valleys and along coastal
plains; was an obstacle to
unity
– The seas surround and isolate
Japan; was close enough to
absorb Chinese and Korean
traditions but too far for China
to invade
– Usually chose to go its own
way instead of following others
– Plentiful resources in the seas
for trade and diet
Geography: Japan, a Land Apart
Ring of Fire
– Includes Japan,
Philippines, Indonesia,
Australia, and South
America
– Subject to frequent
earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions
– Tsunami –
– Mount Fuji is a symbol
of beauty and majesty
in nature
Early Traditions
- Migrated from the Asian mainland 2000 years ago
- Pushed early inhabitants, the Ainu, onto the island of
Hakkaido
Yamato Clan
– Society divided into uji –
Had its own chief, gods and goddesses
Women were respected
– 500 AD – Yamato clan ruled Honshu (largest island) for 1000
years
– Set up first and only dynasty; claimed direct descent from the
sun goddess, Amaterasu
– Chose the rising sun as its symbol
– Emperors looked upon as living gods; Japanese emperor still
traces its roots to the Yamato
Early Traditions
Shinto – “the way of the gods”
– Kami –
– Tradition still lives today; shrines located in beautiful
natural surroundings
Mountains, waterfalls, gnarled trees
The Korean Bridge
–
–
–
–
Japan and Korea have always been in contact
Shared artistic and cultural skills with each other
500 AD – missionaries from Korea brought Buddhism
Chinese writing and culture was introduced
Japan Looks to China
- 600’s: Prince Shotoku sent nobles to study in China;
visited the Tang dynasty
Imported from China
– Learned ideas of government including the idea of a “Heavenly
Emperor” with absolute power
– Strengthened central government with a bureaucracy
– 710 AD – built new capital at Nara; spoke and dressed Chinese;
served Chinese tea and food; used Chinese characters to write
their history
– Adopted pagoda architecture; accepted Confucian and Buddhist
ideas; filial piety
Selective Borrowing –
– Did not adopt civil service exams
– Inherited status through family; officials were sons of nobles
– Kana -
The Heian Period
- Blending of cultures from 794 – 1185 AD; capital
located in Heian
An Elegant Court
– Nobleman and women lived in luxury
Pavilions, gardens, lotus pools, elaborate rules for court
etiquette
– Women were forbidden to learn Chinese; but did
produce some of the most important literature; The
Pillow Book
Lady Murasaki
– Marasaki Shikibu
Best known Heian writer
Wrote The Tale of Genji; was the world’s first full length novel
Section 5
Japan’s Feudal Age
Japanese Feudalism Emerges
- A warrior aristocracy dominated Japanese society; the
emperor was a powerless figurehead
- Real power was in the hands of the shogun –
- Minamoto Yoritomo was appointed shogun in 1192 AD;
he set up the first of three shogunates; his was called the
Kamakura shogunate
The World of Warriors
– Distributed lands to vassal lords who supported him in war
– Daimyo –
– Samarai –
Heavily armed and trained in skills for fighting
Bushido –
– If you betray the code of bushido you were expected to commit
seppuku
Japanese Feudalism Emerges
Status of Women
– Some trained to fight, most supervised family estates
– As feudalism increased, inheritance was limited to the sons
– Did not put women on a pedestal like chivalry
Peasants, Artisans, and Merchants
– Peasants
Made up 75% of the population; formed the backbone of feudal society
Cultivated rice and other crops on the estates of samurai
Some served as foot soldiers
– Artisans
Armorers and sword makers provided goods for the samurai class
– Merchants
Lowest rank in society
Mongol Invasions
– Refused to accept Mongol rule
– Kublai Kahn tried to invade with 30,000 troops but was suppressed by a typhoon
twice
– Japanese credited the victory to the kamikaze -
Order and Unity Under the Tokugawas
New dynasty took power in 1338 but led to
many years of warfare
1590 AD – General Toyotomi Hideyoshi
brought most of Japan under his control
1600 AD – Tokugawa Ieyasu became
master of Japan and was named shogun
– The Tokugawa shogunate ruled until 1868
Order and Unity Under the Tokugawas
Centralized Feudalism
– Kept outward form of feudal society but imposed a central
government
– Created unified, orderly society
The daimyo and his entire family were required to live in the capital
with the shogun in Edo to keep them in check
Forbade them to build castles or marry without his permission
– Put in place a strict moral code
– Only samurai could serve in military or hold government
positions
Samurais followed the bushido code
Peasants remained on the land and were forbidden to wear luxuries
such as silk
– Women could be divorced for neglecting household duties
Order and Unity Under the Tokugawas
Economic Growth
– Agriculture grew and improved
new seeds, tools, and fertilizer led to surpluses of
food
– New roads connected towns to the capital
– Merchants began to make money and climb
the social ladder
Zen Buddhism and Japanese Culture
Zen Buddhism emphasizes meditation and
devotion to duty
It was accepted by the samurai
Had contradicting messages
– Zen monks were great scholars but valued the
uncluttered mind and stressed the importance of
reaching moment of “non-knowing”
– Stressed compassion for all, yet samurai fought to kill
– Sought to experience absolute freedom, yet rigid
rules gave master complete authority over his
students
Changing Artistic Traditions
Theater
– 1300’s – No Plays
Performed on square,
wooden platforms without
scenery
Each movement had a
special meaning
– 1600’s – kabuki –
Portrayed family or historical
events
Elaborate, colorful costumes;
exaggerated movements for
action
– Bunraku Literature
– Many stories were influenced by
Zen values
– Haiku Painting and Printmaking
– Reflected Chinese landscape
paintings; some told historical
events
– Woodblock prints