Transcript Imperial China -- Qin to Ming Dynasties

New Asian Empires
1200 - 1800
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The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empires
The Mughal Empire
The Ming and the Qing Dynasty
Medieval Japan and Korea
•In Asia, the period from 1200 to 1800, was a time of
great empires and shifts in power.
• From east of the Mediterranean Sea to India,
strong Muslim rulers built large empires.
•In China a new dynasty sought to revive the
traditions neglected under the Mongols, while a
military society rose in Japan
1200 - 1800
2. The Mughal Empire-Muslims Rule in India
 Mughal rulers created a powerful empire in which military might
and artistic culture flourished.
 After the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 500’s, India broke
apart into a number of small kingdoms.
 For several centuries, no single ruler emerged to take charge of
all India.
1200 - 1800
The Arrival of Islam
 Arab Muslim traders arrived in India for the first time.
 Over time, some Muslims traders settled in Indian towns,
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where they peacefully lived beside Hindus and Buddhists.
The next Muslims to arrive, however, were not so peaceful
Early 700’s, Muslim raiders invaded and conquered the area
of Sind (Pakistan)
By 1000, they reached Afghanistan.
By 1200, most of northern India was under Muslim control
1200 - 1800
The Delhi Sultanate
 Once the Muslims gained
control, they established
a new government for the
region.
 Based in the city of Delhi
 Rulers were tolerate of
traditional Indian
practices.
 As a result, a new culture
emerged – a new
language, Urdu, formed
from a combination of
Arabic and Sanskirt.
1200 - 1800
A New Empire Mughal
 The Delhi Sultante
remained strong for
about 300 years.
 By the early 1500s,
however, its power
was weakening, and
left India wide open
for invasion.
1200 - 1800
Babur
 A Young Central Asian
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named Zahir ud-Din, better
known as Babur “the tiger”
Failed to take over China and
turned to India.
1526 – defeated the rulers
of Delhi and founded the
Mughal Empire.
Persian for Mongol
Reigned as India’s first
Muslim Empire and were one
of the great civilizations in
history.
Best known for its wealth
and power
1200 - 1800
Akbar the Great
 Akbar the Great took over
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after the death of Babur.
One of the greatest of all
Mughal rulers.
Did everything he could to
win his people’s loyalty.
He promoted religious
tolerance.
He encouraged discussions
and debates among Muslims,
Hindus, Christians, and other
religions.
1200 - 1800
Height of the Empire
 Babur and Akbar laid the foundation for a powerful empire.
 The rulers who followed them built upon that foundation and raised
Mughal India to new heights of power and wealth.
1200 - 1800
Jahangir
 Jahangir took power after
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the death of his father,
Akbar.
Known as a good ruler,
despite his ruthless start.
Practiced religious
toleration, supported the
arts and adopted many
Persian influences into
Indian society.
Wife Nur Jahan – born in
Persia.
Sikhism – founded by Guru
Nanak – blended Islam and
Hinduism – One god, but
believe in reincarnation
1200 - 1800
Shah Jahan
 Jahangir’s son an successor
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– Shah Jahan
A Cultural Golden Age
Followed same practices as
his father. (except religious
tolerance)
Taj Mahal – greatest
example of Mughal
achievement – built as a
tomb for Shah Jahan’s
beloved wife.
New capital of India- Delhi –
at the heart a Peacock
Throne- symbol of the
Dynasty
1200 - 1800
Aurangzeb
 In 1657, Shah Jahan became
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extremely ill.
His sons, thinking their
father was going to die,
began to maneuver to take
the throne.
War broke out among them.
Aurangzeb, one of his sons,
captured his father and
brought him one of his son’s
heads and declared himself
emperor.
Supported the growth of the
Sunni Islam
Increased the empire to its
largest size.
1200 - 1800
Decline the Mughal Empire
 His actions marked
the beginning of the
end for the empire.
 Due to harsh
measures during his
reign, frequent
rebellions broke out
in the late 1600s.
 Civil War broke out
and invaders poured
into India from the
north.
1200 - 1800
3. The Ming and Qing Dynasty
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During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China prospered, but the
empire entered a period of isolation in response to increasing
European contact.
1200 - 1800
The Ming Dynasty
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1279 –Mongol leader Kublai Khan conquered China and founded the
Yuan Dynasty.
After the death of Khan, China became ripe for rebellion and led to
the Ming Dynasty.
Hongwu, “vastly martial” –founder of the Ming Dynasty – overthrew
the last of the Mongol emperor.
Worked to rebuild China.
Reforms – reduced taxes and improved agriculture and trade and at
the same time restored traditional Chinese practices, such as
Confucianism and civil service examinations for government
positions.
The Forbidden City
1200 - 1800
 Yonglo – successor of Hongwo – moved Ming Capital to Beijing, a city
northeast of China.
 The Forbidden City – a vast imperial city surrounded by high walls.
1200 - 1800
Ming Sea Voyages
 Zheng He – 1405 and
1433 – Chinese
Muslim Admiral, led
seven voyages around
the Indian Ocean as
far as Africa.
 He sailed with a fleet
of 300 ships.
(included trading
ships called junks as
well as immense
treasure ships, each
400 feet long.
 He voyages
demonstrated China’s
growing sea power.
1200 - 1800
Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages
 First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men].
 Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip].
 Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men].
 Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men].
 Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419
 Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422
Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship
builders and sailors to stop work.
 Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433
 Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore
peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam
 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip.
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1200 - 1800
Ming contact with Europeans
 1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.
1200 - 1800
Ming Society
 Foreign Relations – policy
to end voyages led to a
period of isolationism from
the outside world.
 Why? The arrival of
Europeans and Christians
interfered with traditional
Chinese practices that
were already ruined by the
Mongol Empire.
 Metteo Ricci – Italian
Jesuit priest who learned
Chinese and adopted many
Chinese customs.
 In exchange, he introduced
mathematics and science
from Europe.
1200 - 1800
Ming Decline
 In late 1500s, Ming Dynasty
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began to weaken.
High taxes, weak leaders,
and crop failures created
harsh economic times.
Manchu – a people from
Manchuria swept into Beijing
and took the capital.
The last Ming emperor killed
himself to avoid capture.
The Manchu then formed
their own dynasty and gave it
a Chinese name –Qing.
1200 - 1800
Qing Dynasty
 The Qing Dynasty,
1644- 1911 – became
the last dynasty in
3,500 years of imperial
rule in China.
 Under Manchu rule,
China again grew
prosperous and
expanded to its largest
size in history.
1200 - 1800
China under Qing Rule
 To win the support of opposition
to many Chinese, the Manchu
showed respect for their Chinese
customs and maintained Confucian
traditions.
 Civil Service and government
positions were distributed equally
among Chinese and Manchu.
 Kangxi and his grandson Qianlong –
reduced taxes for peasants and
expanded the empire into parts of
Central Asia.
 Agricultural production and
population rose and the economy
thrived due to better
transportation and growing
domestic and foreign markets.
1200 - 1800
Qing Foreign Relations
 1793- Lord George
Macartney tried to change
China’s isolationist policies.
 He came to China to discuss
expanding trade.
 Emperor Qianlong thought
British goods were inferior
and demanded that he
kowtow (kneel)’ Macartney
refused.
 At that time, China was one
of the more advanced
civilizations in the world.
1200 - 1800
Qing Decline
 China’s isolationism and refusal to enter the world market
eventually toppled the Qing Dynasty – and imperial rule.
1200 - 1800
Ming and Qing Culture
 Under the two empires, China
made many developments in
the arts and literature.
 Ming artisans produced
exquisite blue and white
porcelain. Valuable trading
item
 Rising literacy rates
contributed to the growth or
popular fiction.
 Cao Zhan wrote the novel
Dream of the Red Chamber –
considered China’s greatest
novel, examines the decline of
an upper-class Chinese family.
1200 - 1800
Imperial China’s Impact on History
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Removed religion from morality.
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Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must
prove he/she is legitimate.
 Mandate of Heaven
Secular law.
Valued history  The Dynastic Cycle
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