Transcript Slide 1

Unit 2
Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies
c. 600 BCE to c. 600 CE
Key Concepts:
2.1 Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural
Traditions
2.2 Development of States and Empires
2.3 Emergence of Trans-regional Networks of Communication and
Exchange
Chapter 2 – Classical China
Chapter 3 – Classical India
Chapter 4 – Classical Greece and Rome
Chapter 5 – The World at the End of the Classical Period
The Classical Period of
World History
Pgs. 30-33 of text
1. Approximately when was the classical period of world
history?
2. What sets the classical period apart from earlier human
history?
3. What are the three centers of classical civilization?
4. How did the three classical civilizations build on earlier
river valley civilizations?
5. Explain how expansion and integration were dominant
themes in classical civilizations.
6. What was the extent of contact and interaction among the
three classical civilization centers?
Ancient China
Dynasties of Early China
• 2500-2200 B.C.E. Yangshao society
(Huang He River Valley Civilization)
• 2200-1766 B.C.E. Xia dynasty
• 1766-1122 B.C.E. Shang dynasty
(first dynasty with written records)
• 1028-256 B.C.E. Zhou dynasty
• 403-221 B.C.E. Era of Warring States
• Qin dynasty
• Han dynasty
The Zhou Dynasty (1028 B.C.E. – 256 B.C.E.)
•Zhou leaders claimed the Shang had lost the Mandate of
Heaven.
•The Zhou ruled a vast area of city-states and kingdoms run by
local nobles (feudalism.)
•During the Zhou period, roads were built, foreign trade
increased, and horses were obtained from western nomads.
•Irrigation and flood control systems were improved.
•Method of silk-making developed.
•The Zhou ruled longer than any other Chinese dynasty in
history.
•During this period, China became the most densely populated
country in the world.
•Both Confucius (Kungfuzi) and Laozi, two important philosophers,
lived during the late Zhou Dynasty.
•By the end of the Zhou Dynasty, China was a highly developed and
wealthy civilization compared to other civilizations at this time.
However, China was still not politically unified.
•There was a great deal of warfare and instability during the late Zhou
(a.k.a. The Era of Warring States),thus scholars such as Confucius and
Laozi reflected on what would create social harmony and balance.
Classical Chinese Philosophies and Ethical Systems
Confucianism
•Confucius (Kong Fuzi) was born in 551 B.C.E., during the late Zhou.
•He lived during a time of social disorder, war, and change.
•Confucius’s teachings were recorded by his students in the Analects.
•Confucian philosophy is concerned with social order, morals, and good
government
•The Five Relationships set up a social order
1. father to son
2. elder brother to younger brother
3. Husband to wife
4. ruler to subject
5. friend to friend
•Filial Piety – respect and obey parents
•Leaders need to be virtuous and set a good example for their
subjects
•The Golden Rule
Sayings of Kungfuzi (Confucius)
“What you do not wish done to yourself, do not do to others.”
“Recognize that you know what you know, and that you are ignorant of
what you do not know.”
"To lead uninstructed people to war is to throw them away."
"To see right and not to do it is cowardice."
"An oppressive government is more to be feared than a tiger."
“To be wronged is nothing unless you continue to remember it.”
After Confucius
himself, Mencius is
considered the most
famous Confucian
scholar.
He believed that
human nature is
inherently good, and
that education and
moral cultivation
must awaken the
innate abilities of the
human mind.
Mencius
(c. 372 – 289 BCE)
•Confucianism was
(and some would
argue still is) the
most influential
philosophy in China,
and laid the
foundation for values,
morals, and social
structure.
Confucianism also
spread to Korea,
Vietnam, and Japan.
More Images of Confucius
Legalism
•Founded by Hanfeizi (d. 233 B.C.E)
•Based on the belief that human
nature is evil and selfish.
•Believed social order was achieved
through strict leadership and harsh
rules and punishment.
•This philosophy would greatly
influence the emperor credited with
uniting China, Qin Shihuangdi.
Daoism
•Founded by Laozi during the late Zhou
Dynasty.
•Laozi’s teachings are recorded in the
Dao De Ching.
•Believed social harmony and order
could be achieved by following the
“Way” (Dao) of nature.
•Rejected formal social structure and the
idea that people must fill specific roles in
society.
•Daoists believe in renouncing worldly
ambitions to follow the path of least
resistance, as nature does. For example,
water flows around a rock; it doesn’t
make the rock an obstacle.
•Daoism influenced science, medicine,
and the arts in China.
Laozi (Master Lao)
Statue of Laozi
“Taoist Solitude”
Sources from the Past
Laozi on Living in Harmony with Dao
Confucius on Good Government
• What is Laozi’s advice to rulers?
2. What is Confucius’s advice to rulers?
3. According to Confucius, what is the most important
thing for a leader to provide to the people?
4. What is the main contrast you notice between these
two documents/philosophies?
Basic Social Structure in Classical China
• Landowning aristocracy (plus educated
bureaucrats, often referred to as
Mandarins.)
• Peasants and urban artisans
• Merchants (though merchants could
become wealthy, they were generally
scorned by Confucian scholars and elites.)
• “mean people” (mainly unskilled laborers,
performing artists, and household slaves.)
The Qin Dynasty of China (221 B.C.E. – 210 B.C.E.)
•The Qin family ruled a feudal state on the western border of
Zhou territory.
•A Qin ruler named Zheng (later called Qin Shihuangdi) took
advantage of the weakened Zhou, conquering them by 221
B.C.E.
•Qin was a harsh, legalist ruler, but an effective administrator.
•He reorganized the empire into military districts, and
appointed loyal officials to administer them (this basically
ended feudalism by weakening the feudal lords.) He also
unified the country and centralized the government.
•Qin ordered the creation of a standard system of weights
and measures, coins, laws, and writing.
•Qin used forced labor to connect and extend the Great
Wall; he also seized land, levied taxes, and censored and
burned books.
•Qin died in 210 B.C.E., and was succeeded by his son who
was quickly overthrown.
The Boundary of the Qin Dynasty
The
Great
Wall
The Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.)
•The Han Dynasty was founded by a peasant leader who
overthrew the Qin.
•Liu Bang (Emperor Gao Zu) eased the harsh legalist
policies of the Qin.
•The Han period is considered a golden age; even after
the dynasty, the Chinese referred to themselves as the
“people of Han.”
•The most famous Han ruler was the emperor Wudi.
•Wudi expanded the Silk Road and trade with the
West (including the Roman Empire.)
•He expanded China’s borders to include Korea,
Manchuria, and parts of Southeast Asia.
•He strengthened the economy.
•Wudi also strengthened the civil service system –
government officials had to pass an examination – in
theory, merit was more important than birth
•Han achievements include: paper, watermills, the
compass, the seismograph, porcelain, and acupuncture to
name a few.
Emperor Wudi
The Boundaries of Han China
Liu Bang (Emperor Gao Zu)
Founder of the Han Dynasty
Classical India
India’s Geography
•The Indian subcontinent is somewhat separated
from the rest of Asia, with mountains creating a
barrier in the northeast and northwest.
•However, India was more open to outside
influence and diverse groups than China.
•India was influenced by Middle Eastern
civilizations, including Persia, as well as the
Mediterranean world.
•Differing regions within the subcontinent made
unity difficult. Therefore much of Indian history
is characterized by regional kingdoms and
differing cultures and dialects.
The Foundations of Indian
Culture and Society
•Around 1500 BCE, a nomadic IndoEuropean group known as the Aryans
invaded/migrated into the Indus River
Valley.
•Ancient Indian history from the time of
the Aryan migration is divided into periods:
The Vedic Age (about 1500 – 1000 B.C.E.)
and the Epic Age (1000 – 600 B.C.E.)
•Archaeologists and historians believe the
Aryans may have encountered and
absorbed the Indus River Valley
civilization.
•Cultural diffusion between the Aryans and
these indigenous peoples, known as
Dravidians, occurred.
•As the Aryans settled down to
agriculture, political structure became
based on village organization, with
village chiefs initially drawn from the
leadership of Aryan tribes.
•The Indian caste system began to
develop in the Vedic and Epic Ages
•Gradually, one’s caste, or social group
became hereditary, and marriage
between castes was forbidden.
•The caste system was made up of four
main varnas, which are similar to
classes, and many sub categories within
each class known as jati.
The Four Varnas of Ancient India
(The Caste System)
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaisyas
Sudras
Pariahs
Hinduism
•Developed over time; no single founder
•Aryan religious traditions were eventually written down
in the sacred Vedas.
•Vedas (and all classical Hindu literature) written in
Sanskrit
•Hinduism is cyclical; goal is to achieve release from the
cycle of reincarnation; term for this is Moksha
•No missionary activity, but Hinduism is an inclusive
religion
•There are many gods, but the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu,
and Shiva is most important; most gods are
incarnations of these three
Hinduism continued…
•The Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Bhagavad Gita
are important epics which explain religious beliefs
and values
•The Upanishads are a collection of philosophical
texts which discuss Hindu philosophy, beliefs, and
values, and many have a mystical tone.
(Mystical, or mysticism, refers to the individual
search for the divine, or the individual’s desire to
commune with the divine. Fasting, meditation, and
intense prayer are common mystical activities in
which people try to get closer to god.)
Images of
Hinduism
Brahma – The
creator
Vishnu – The
Preserver
Shiva – The
Destroyer
Rama and Sita
(from the Ramayana)
Ganesh
The Hindu Creation Story of
‘Purusha the Primal Man’
The Rig Veda (Book X, Chapter 90, verses 1-3 and
9-12) tells the Creation story of Purusha the Primal
Man. Purusha is a divine being, a cosmic giant who
existed even before time began. He split up, exploded,
or spread out into all directions and created the gods
and the Universe itself. From him came all the
spiritual beings in heaven, as well as all the remainder
of everything that is in the earthly world, both the
living and the non-living. Here is a slightly edited
version of the story:
The Primal Man (Purusha) had a thousand heads, eyes and feet.
He filled the earth completely.
Indeed his body was larger than this world.
The Primal Man fills this universe and represents the past, the
present and the future.
He is eternal and outgrows the universe by consuming sacrificial
food.
The visible world is only a quarter of his greatness.
The remaining three quarters are hidden in the immortal Heaven.
From the complete explosive self-sacrifice of Purusha came forth
all the sacred sounds of creation.
From it also arose all things and lives and minds that are born
into the world, including horses and other creatures with teeth in
either jaw, like cattle, sheep and goats.
When the Primal Man split up, into how many parts was He
divided?
What represented his mouth, arms, thighs and feet?
The Brahmin (priest) was his mouth, the Kshatriya (warrior/king)
his arms, the Vaishya (merchant) his thighs and the Shudra
(peasants) were born from his feet.’
Buddhism
• Began in northern India during the 6th
century B.C.E.
• The founder, Siddhartha Gautama, was a
Kshatriya prince, born in 566 B.C.E.
• Buddha means “enlightened one”
• Buddhism rejected some of the
fundamental principles of Hinduism,
including the caste system and power of
the priestly Brahmins.
• The basic philosophy of Buddhism is based on
the Four Noble Truths:
1.
2.
3.
4.
All people experience sorrow
Sorrow is caused by desire
Sorrow and suffering will end if desires are eliminated
Eliminate desires by following the Eightfold Path:
-right views
-right goals
-right speech
-right conduct
-right livelihood
-right effort
-right mindfulness (control thoughts)
-right contemplation (meditation)
Images in
Buddhism
The Birth of Siddhartha Gautama
Relic depicting Siddhartha Gautama leaving home.
“The Great Departure”
c.1 – 2nd century.
This is a picture of a wall painting in a Laotian temple, depicting the
Bodhisattva Gautama (Buddha-to-be) undertaking extreme ascetic practices
before his enlightenment. A god is overseeing his striving, and providing
some spiritual protection. The five monks in the background are his future
'five first disciples', after Buddha attained Full Enlightenment.
Dhamek Stupa in Uttar Pradesh, (located in northern India, and built
by Ashoka) where the Buddha gave his first sermon.
Where
are these
Buddha’s
from???
2.
1.
5.
4.
3.
Create a Venn Diagram or T-chart comparing Hinduism and
Buddhism. Take into account the following components of
religion in your comparison:
The 10 Components of Religion:
1. Scripture
2. Myths and stories
3. The “ultimate” or the holy
4. Quest or goal
5. Sacred spaces
6. Community of believers
7. Rituals
8. Beliefs, dogma, edicts, etc.
9. Ethics and moral component
10. Key figures, prophets, martyrs, etc.
The Spread of Buddhism
1. When did
Buddhism
begin?
2. When did
Buddhism
arrive in
China?
Sri Lanka?
Korea?
Japan?
3. How long did
it take for
Buddhism to
spread to
Japan?
The Mauryan Empire of India
(321 B.C.E. - 185 B.C.E.)
•
•
•
•
•
Chandragupta Maurya was a
military officer who came to
power in 321 B.C.E. after
defeating Greek invaders.
Mauryan government
borrowed political examples
from both Persian and Greek
models.
He controlled a large empire
by maintaining a strong army.
He enforced harsh policies
against dissenters and had a
secret police force.
He was a harsh but effective
administrator.
Asoka’s Enlightened Rule
• Asoka was Chandragupta’s grandson.
• Became ruler in 274 B.C.E.
• He expanded the empire to cover 2/3 of
the subcontinent.
• After building the empire, and witnessing
the destruction caused by his wars, Asoka
decided to renounce war and follow the
teachings of the Buddha.
• Asoka sent missionaries to spread
Buddhism throughout India and into
other parts of Asia.
• He also built roads, hospitals, and
veterinary clinics, and had the famous Rock
Edicts created.
• The decline of the Mauryan Empire began
after Asoka’s death in 232 B.C.E.
• After the Mauryan Empire fell, India again
split into many small warring kingdoms.
Asoka
The Gupta Empire of India (320 C.E. - 550 C.E.)
•Began in 320 C.E.
•This period of Gupta rule is known as a golden age of Indian history.
•Buddhism declined and Hinduism became the official religion.
•Many Hindu temples were built during this period.
•Numerous advancements were made during the
Gupta Dynasty:
1.
2.
3.
4.
principles of algebra
the concepts of zero and infinity
Arabic numerals
astronomers determined the earth is
round
5. Gupta doctors set broken bones and
perfomed basic operations
•Trade with other civilizations (including Rome and China) flourished
during the Gupta period.
•By 600 C.E., due to a weakened government and invasions in the
Northwest, the Gupta empire broke into small states.