Transcript 9th WH Review #2

Part
2
Part Introduction
This part will cover the rise of the great civilizations
of Asia, southern Europe, and the Americas and the
major religions that arose with them.
•
1: Empires of India and China (600 B.C.−A.D. 550)
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2: Ancient Greece (1750 B.C.−133 B.C.)
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3: Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity
(509 B.C.−A.D. 476)
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4: Civilizations of the Americas (1400 B.C.−A.D. 1570)
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Begins of the Ancient World
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In ancient
times, cities
and small
countries
combined
to form
empires.
Empires:
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Were built through conquest
and ruled by emperors
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Were run by centralized
bureaucracies
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Protected far-flung trade routes
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Built public works projects
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Sponsored the spread of
religion
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Empires flourished in Europe, Asia, and
the Americas.
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The Maurya dynasty rose in India.
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Shi Huangdi unified eastern China.
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The Minoans and Mycenaeans preceded (came
before) Greece.
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Under the Romans, Christianity emerged.
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The Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs appeared in America.
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Empires of India and China (600 B.C.–A.D. 550.)
Empires in India
and China
spread Hinduism
and Buddhism.
Hindus hoped to achieve
union with Brahman after
being reincarnated, or
reborn, many times.
Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama,
taught to avoid desire and to follow the Eightfold
Path that led to nirvana, union with the universe.
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Powerful empires ruled India.
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Chandragupta Maurya forged the first dynasty in
321 B.C.; his grandson Asoka converted to
Buddhism, bringing peace and moral rule.
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India’s Golden Age was under the Gupta
Dynasty, which reunited India in A.D. 320.
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Caste rules governed every part of daily life.
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The Chinese followed the teachings of Confucius
and other philosophers.
Confucius taught
that harmony
resulted from
acceptance of one’s
place in society, filial
piety or respect for
parents, concern for
social order, and
good government.
Hanfeizi taught
Legalism, a belief that
order came from strict
laws and punishments.
Daoists opposed
governments as
unnatural and sought
harmony with nature.
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Shi Huangdi
conquered the
warring states
of China after the
fall of the Zhou
dynasty, leading
to the Han dynasty
and China’s
classical age.
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Shi Huangdi built the
Great Wall.
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Under the Han, there were
advances in government,
trade, and technology.
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The Silk Road stretched
for 4,000 miles, linking
China and the Fertile
Crescent.
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Ancient Greece (1750 B.C.–A.D. 133.)
The seafaring
Minoans from
Crete traded
throughout
the Aegean;
in around
1400 B.C.
they
disappeared.
The Mycenaeans
replaced the
Minoans; they
are remembered
for Homer’s
epic poems and
the Trojan War.
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It took time
for the Greek
city-states
to unite after
the fall of
Mycenaean
civilization.
Part
2
After 750 B.C.
the Greeks
evolved a
unique version
of the city-state
called the polis.
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On a hilltop stood the
acropolis, or high city,
with temples dedicated
to the gods.
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On the lower ground
stood the theater, public
buildings, marketplace,
and homes.
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New forms of government developed.
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Power shifted from rule by a monarchy, to a
land-owning aristocracy, and then to a small but
powerful oligarchy from the business class.
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In Sparta, the military tradition left some women to
run family estates, while Athens developed a direct
democracy where a large number of men took part
in the government.
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The Greek city-states united to
defeat Persia.
Philosophers such as
Plato, Socrates, and
Aristotle developed
new ideas about
truth, reason,
government, and
justice. Greece set
the standard for
later cultures in art,
architecture, drama,
and poetry.
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As the Greek
city-states
declined, the
Hellenistic age
began, led by
Alexander of
Macedonia.
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King Philip took control
of all of Greece.
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His son Alexander
conquered the
Mediterranean and
the Middle East.
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Hellenistic civilization
combined Greek,
Persian, Egyptian,
and Indian cultures.
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Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity
(509 B.C.–A.D. 476)
Rome began as a
small city-state on
the Tiber River.
Romans set up a
republic.
At first it was controlled
by the patrician upper
class, but later the
plebeians or commoners
could vote for senators.
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As Rome
grew more
powerful,
wealth
poured in.
This led to
corruption
and selfinterest.
In 31 B.C.,
Octavian came
to power; he
ushered in
500 years of
the Roman
empire.
Octavian took the name Augustus and ruled as
emperor with absolute power for 44 years.
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Christianity
arose with
Jesus, who
some saw as
the messiah
or savior.
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Early Christians were
persecuted, and seen as
only a Jewish sect, but later
Christianity became the
religion of the empire.
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After Marcus Aurelius,
Rome began a long decline.
Rome itself was invaded in
476, but the empire split,
surviving in the east as the
Byzantine empire.
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Civilizations in the Americas
(Prehistory–A.D. 1570)
The first nomadic
hunters arrived in
America about
10,000 years ago.
The first American
civilization, the Olmec,
lasted from 1500 B.C. to
500 B.C. It arose in the
tropical forest along the
Mexican Gulf Coast.
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The Mayas cleared rainforest land in
Central America.
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Society was divided into different social classes.
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Each city had its own ruling chief.
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There were pyramids and temples.
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The Maya had an advanced calendar and writing
system.
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The Aztecs conquered most of Mexico.
By 1500 their empire numbered over
30 million.
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The Aztecs gained wealth in tribute paid by
conquered neighbors.
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A large priest class served their gods; one of their
duties was to make sacrifices.
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Around 1400
the Incas came
out of the Andes
to control an
empire that
stretched
2,000 miles.
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The emperor ruled a highly
centralized government
from the capital of Cuzco.
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There was an extensive
and well-maintained system
of roads.
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In the 1500s, civil war
weakened the Incas, just as
the Spanish were arriving.
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North America had many different cultures.
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The Anasazi built large pueblos of stone and adobe
bricks under tall cliffs. The Hopi and Pueblo Indians
are their descendants.
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The mound builders of the Hopewell and later
Mississippian cultures had extensive trade networks
from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes.
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Variations in climate and resources led to
great cultural diversity.
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The Inuit survived in the frozen tundra.
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In the Northwest, rich food sources allowed
wealthy societies to emerge.
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In the Northeast the Iroquois groups formed the
Five Nations. Member nations governed their
own villages but met jointly in council to discuss
larger issues.
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Hip Hop History
Civilizations of the Americas
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