Transcript bringing the chinese together

You will learn
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Organisation of societies in India
(Ind), China (Ch) and SEA
How empires were ruled
Good governance from India, China
and SEA
Duties of Rulers in
ancient Ind, Ch & SEA
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Absolute monarchs; enjoyed
unlimited power
Controlled land & armies
Made all the important decisions
Sometimes divide up territories into
smaller units
Subjects must to obey rulers
Duties of Rulers in
ancient Ind, Ch & SEA
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Dynasty : Leadership of kingdom
passed on to children of the rulers
Usually a line of kings from the same
family
Others were leaders of empires
Empire : Several
countries/kingdoms under the rule of
one state or country
Duties of Rulers in
ancient Ind, Ch & SEA
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Duties of Rulers :
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Defend against against foreign invasions
Waged wars to increase territories
Ensure country well-governed
Employ officials to maintain law & order
and to collect taxes
Carry out public projects eg irrigation
canals, roads and hospitals
Patrons of religion, learning and the arts
Social & Political
Life in India
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Aryan India
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The Mauryan Dynasty
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The Gupta Dynasty
Aryan India
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Migration of Aryans to India
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Social structure in Aryan Ind based
on a class system
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Everyone had a place in society
Society could function smoothly if
people knew what their roles were
Aryans : Punjab to Ganges Plain
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Society divided into 4 main classes
A person’s caste was fixed from birth
A last group :
Untouchables – undertakers,
sweepers
Aryan India
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Early days : People could move across
castes if they were skilled
Brahmins (priests) made rules
extremely rigid
No movement from one caste to
another allowed
Cannot do the jobs of different caste
members
Could not mixed or marry freely
Those who did not follow these rules
would become ‘untouchables’
The caste system continued to be part
of India for 3,000 years
Aryan India
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Aryan govt was simple
People settled in Punjab
Organised into tribes under a
rajah or king
Rajah protected his people
Assisted by a tribal council
Position of rajah was hereditary
ie passed down from father to
son
Aryan India
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Later in the Ganges plains,
tribes formed many small
kingdoms
Boundaries/borders marked by
rivers and mountains
More powerful tribes conquered
the weaker ones
Kingdoms thus arose
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4 B.C. – Chandragupta : first
king to conquer other small
kingdoms
Set up a large empire
He was from the Magadha
kingdom
Started the Mauryan Dynasty
in 322 B.C.
The dynasty lasted 140 years
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Chandragupta undertook
expansion of his kingdom
Set up a police state
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Huge army
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Used secret police to control
freeedom of people
Used spies to collect information
about people
Troops, chariots & elephants
Capital at Pataliputra
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Made use of viceroys to look
after provinces
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Chandragupta was a strict
ruler
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Imposed harsh punishments on
those who disobeyed the law
Hence he had many enemies
Took measures to avoid being
assassinated
Personal body guards; food
tasters
Would not sleep in the same
room twice
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Chandragupta also made
improvements to his people’s
lives
Set up postal service
Built many roads
Royal highway linked his
capital to the furthest parts of
his empire in the northwest
Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador at the court of
Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra, wrote about the
prosperity of the Mauryan cities.
He reported that agriculture was healthy, water abundant
and mineral wealth was in plenty.
Megasthenes wrote, “… the Indians, dressed in bright and
rich colors. They liberally used ornaments and gems."
He also spoke of the division of society according to
occupation and the large number of religious sects and
foreigners in the empire.
http://www.itihaas.com/ancient/chandra.html
There is no better work than
promoting the welfare of the
world. Whatever be my great
deeds, I have done them in
order to discharge my debt to all
beings.
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Chandragupta’s grandson,
Asoka, was one of the
greatest Mauryan rulers
His rule was filled with peace
Brought about by his
conversion to Buddhism
After the battle at Kalinga, he
stopped territorial conquest
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Asoka ruled his empire with
kindness
He felt peace was necessary
for the happiness of his
people
Army used for border patrols
His laws were less harsh than
his grandfather
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Lives of the people improved under
Asoka’s rule
Continued with public projects
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New roads lined with shady trees
Homes for elderly and orphans
Free hospitals for people and
animals
Asoka travelled widely throughout
his empire, listening to the opinions
of his people
Asoka stupas were the stupas commissioned by
the famous Buddhist emperor Asoka centuries
ago. Buddhist history relates that he had the
help of numerous spirits and had 84,000 stupas
built all over the world overnight. Only a
relatively small number of these stupas are
known to us. Each stupa contains the relics of
the historical Buddha and is therefore accorded
with highest respect. Wutaisan was mentioned
by the Buddha over 2500 years ago as a place
where Manjusri dwells and teaches. It was
described to be in China, in a certain direction
and a certain distance from India. However, in
the early stages of Chinese Buddhist
development, the description was treated more
as a legend than an actual place. One of the
Asoka stupas was said to be in this legendary
sacred place.
180 feet tall Asoka stupa which is visible from
practically any part of Tai–Huai, Wutaisan
Source : www.b-i-a.net/photos/ wutaishan/1.jpg
King Asoka regularly fed the Brahmin priests. in
accordance with the custom of the household, before his
conversion to Buddhism. But he was not pleased with
their demeanour at meal-time, as they were neither
clean nor calm. The King thought to himself, "Charity on
such a lavish scale should be given in proper quarters".
Latter, one day he saw a serene - looking young novice,
quietly walking along the street with restrained senses.
The King was so impressed with the deportment
that the novice was invited to the palace at once and
requested to occupy a suitable seat; and the novice went
up the throne and sat on it. The King then served him
with and excellent meal and asked him to give an
exposition of the Doctrine which his Teacher used to
preach. The young novice Nigrodha delivered an
instructive discourse on the following stanza of the
Dhammapada:"Heedfulness is the path to Deathlessness.
Heedlessness is the path to death. The heedful do not
die, the heedless are like unto the dead".
The word of the Buddha appealed to him and he
became a Buddhist and staunch supporter of the
religion.
Source :
www.goldenlandpages.com/hotspots/
buddhism/56.jpg
Sanchi Gate and Stupa. First built at time of Asoka and enlarged over time.
The stupa architectural form was originally a reliquary, but eventally became
the most characteristic form for a place of Buddhist worship. At this time,
Buddhism spread throughout the area ruled by the Mauryans.
Source : www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ udg/
Asoka's pillar. 32-foot
high polished
sandstone columns
were erected at the
time of Asoka's reign
to commemorate
events in Buddha's life
or to mark routes to
holy sites.
Source : www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ udg/
Capital from a pillar of
Asoka: the Lions of
Sarnath. Sarnath is where
Asiddhartha Gautama first
preached, and these lions
echo his teachings to the
four quarters of rthe world.
The wheel symbolizes
Buddhist law and also
Asoka's legitamacy as an
enlightened ruler.
Source : www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ udg/
The Gupta Dynasty
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Mauryan Dynasty began to decline
after Asoka’s death
Gradually broke into small kingdoms
Constantly at war
A.D. 4 : Gupta Dynasty
Ruled for 180 years
Hinduism remained a strong force
The Gupta Dynasty
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Gupta Dynasty became very
powerful during the rule of
Chandragupta II (A.D. 376 to A.D.
415)
His empire extended westwards and
conquered ports in western India
Made possible trade with western
India
Also brought states in Central India
under his influence
The Gupta Dynasty
GOVERNMENT
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The Guptas set up a stable and
strong government
Capital : Pataliputra
India divided into provinces and
districts
Royal guards and officers helped
helped run these territories
Village councils : running of villages
The Gupta Dynasty
RELIGION
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The Guptas allowed freedom of
worship although they were Hindus
Many Buddhist monasteries were
built
Many Indians followed the Buddhist
way of life
The Gupta Dynasty
LAW
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Punishments not as harsh as in the
Mauryan Dynasty
Criminals not severely dealt with
Most offenders merely fined
People who repeatedly tried to rebel
against the government had their
right hands cut off
So far …..
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No major changes in the methods of
government
Kings of Mauryan and Gupta dynasties held
all power in their hands
Claimed to have blessings of the gods to be
rulers
Depended on loyalty of their officials and
army officers to look after territories
Ordinary people continued their way of life
CHINA
ZHOU
DYNASTY
MAP OF ZHOU
Zhou Dynasty
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11th century B.C.
System of government : Feudalism
Social System : Two different classes in Zhou
society
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Upper Class
• King & nobles
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Lower class
• Scholars, peasants, craftsmen & merchants
Zhou Feudal System
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King ruled only the capital and its surrounding areas
Divided the country into territories known as feudal
states
Ruler of a feudal state was the feudal lord
Ruled the feudal states, owned armies and peasants
When a feudal lord died, his son inherited the land
Zhou Feudal System
KING OF ZHOU DYNASTY
Gave people
and land
Paid tribute (jade, grain)
and provided military
service
FEUDAL LORDS
Gave protection
and permission
to farm land
Paid grain and silk and
provided free labour and
military service
PEASANTS
QIN
DYNASTY
Presenting the
MAN himself…….
Qin Shihuang
Did U know that ………….
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Qin Shihuang was originally known as
Prince Zheng of the State of Qin?
Prince Zheng actually forced his Prime
Minister to commit suicide?
I will be using QSH as a short form for Qin
Shihuang from now on? You didn’t? Now
you do!
QSH was obsessed with immortality?
Did U know that ………….
QSH joined the existing walls in China to form the Great
Wall of China?
It took 10 years and 300,000 men to strengthen, join and
extend the Great Wall of China during the rule of QSH?
The Great Wall is the only man-made structure that can be
seen by the naked eye from the moon?
The Story of Prince Zheng
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Born in 259 B.C.
Succeeded the throne at the
age of 13
At 21, he discovered a plot by
the PM to topple him
Forced the PM to commit
suicide
As King of Qin, he sent his
army to conquer the other 6
feudal states
The Story of Prince Zheng
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By 221 B.C., all the feudal
states were unified under
one ruler for the first time
in Chinese history
He called himself the “First
Emperor of Qin” or Qin
Shihuang
“First Emperor of China”
For the next 2,200 years,
rulers after him took on the
title of “Emperor”
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One Central
Government
One School of
Thought
One Set of
Measures for
Trade
7 1’s
One System of
Coinage for Trade
One System of Law
and Order
One Form of
Writing
One Standard
Length for Axles
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
36 Provinces
One Central
Government
Each Province
Military Governor
Civilian Governor
Inspector
Did not have land or
army. Why?
Rewarded with money
and presents
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One Central
Government
Move powerful
families from former
feudal states to his
capital at Xianyang.
Why?
All weapons (apart from
his own) were collected
and melted down to
make bronze bells and
huge statues
BELL
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One System of
Law and Order
•One common set of laws
to unify China
•Very strict laws to control
the people
•Harsh punishment for
breaking the law
•Forced Labour
•Execution
•Through
punishments, QSH
forced people to
accept changes that
he introduced
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One Form of
Writing
•Previously, people
from different states
had different forms of
writing
•QSH introduced one
form of writing
•China has only one
form of writing since
then
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One Standard
Length of Axle
QSH ordered wide roads to
be built from the capital to
all parts of China. WHY?
•Length of all axles
standardized to 2
metres.
•Movement of people
and transportation of
goods became easier.
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
•Different types of
coins were used in the
Zhou Dynasty
•QSH ordered only one
type of coinage to be
used
One System of
Coinage
•Coins of this shape
remained in use for the
next 2,000 years
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One Set of
Measures
QSH noticed that different sets
of measures used resulted in
quarrels between merchants.
Also made collection of taxes(in
the form of goods) difficult.
•Ordered a standard set
of weights and
measures to be used
throughout his empire
•made trading and
collection of taxes
easier
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One School of
Thought
•Burnt all books that
express views different
from his own
•SPARED:
Legalist School of Thought
Controlling the people’s action
was not enough
Wanted to control their way of
thinking. WHY?
•Official chronicles kept
in the state of imperial
library
•Books on divination,
medicine and
agriculture
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
 Punishment for non-compliance
 Banished his eldest son for
opposing his action
 QSH believed that he could unify
the thinking of his people & destroy
all records of Chinese history before
his rule
 Some non-Legalist writings were
saved
 QSH failed in controlling the
thoughts of his people
One School
of Thought
BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One Central
Government
One School of
Thought
One Set of
Measures for
Trade
7 1’s
One System of
Coinage for Trade
One System of Law
and Order
One Form of
Writing
One Standard
Length for Axles
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The Great Wall of China
221 BC : Form one continuous wall
across the northern borders of China
10 years to complete
about 6400 km in length today
Countless died while building the Great
Wall for QSH, incurring him great hatred
by the people
Lifelong project of building his tomb
 Obsessed with immortality
 Search for the Elixir of Life
 510 BC QSH fell ill and died at the age
of 50
 Qin Dynasty fell quickly after his death
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Mount Li
Han Dynasty
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Lasted for more than
400 years
Founder : Han Gaozu
Adopted Confucianism
as the state-supported
school of thought
Wanted to people to
respect and obey him
Rejected Legalism
Han Dynasty
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Han emperors extended
territory
Ruled peacefully
To support wars and its
army, govt established
monopolies in salt, iron
and coin business
Obtained much profit
from this
Han Government
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Han empire divided into
provinces
Sub-divided into districts
Districts governed by
salaried officials
Officers supposed to be
promoted by merit
This seldom happened
Few men from humble
background entered the
govt
Han Wudi
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Most powerful Han ruler
Set up the Imperial
Examination System
(remember Confucius?)
Need to pass this exam
to serve the govt
Established a tradition of
a set way of thinking
influenced by the
teachings of Confucius
Achievements of the Han Dynasty
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“Sons of Han” ;“Han People”
Invention of Paper
The First Seismograph
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Iron and Salt Industries
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Equipment to measure when and where an earthquake
occurred
Advanced methods of iron-making and salt-mining
Sima Qian
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Famous Chinese historian
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A.D. 618 to A.D. 907
Lasted almost 300
years
Stability and wealth
Early Tang Rulers
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Did much to
strengthen the
defence of China
Extended the Great
Wall of China
Tang Taizong
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A.D. 626 to A.D. 644
Taizong’s style was different from
QSH
Consultative leadership
Consulted his officials
Encouraged them to report
weaknesses of govt to him
Considered why dynasties before him
fell
Continued the Imperial Examination
System
Obtained the services of the best men
to rule the country
Wu Zetian
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China’s first woman ruler – Wu
Zetian
A.D. 690 to A.D. 705
Changes made to central government
Previously, men who succeeded in
govt were sons of noblemen
Wu opened the IE to commoners
Now, even the son of a farmer could
become a court official if he passed
the IE
Tang Dynasty came to an end in 10th
century A.D.
Wu Zetian
Statue of a seated Buddha
that the Empress Wu Zetian
had carved into the 1000
Buddha Caves at Luoyang,
China. The face is suppose
to resemble the empress.
Tang Dynasty – Golden Age of China
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Strongest and richest period
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Trade flourished
Literature and the Arts flourished
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Li Bai
Invention of Printing
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Peace and stability
The world’s first printed book “The Diamond Sutra”
a collection of Buddhist prayers
China open to foreign influence and trade
The Diamond Sutra
Frontispiece (detail), showing the Buddha preaching to his aged disciple Subhuti
This scroll was found in 1907 by the archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein in a walledup cave at the 'Caves of the Thousand Buddhas', near Dunhuang, in North-West
China. It was one of a small number of printed items among many thousands of
manuscripts, comprising a library which must have been sealed up in about AD
1000. Although not the earliest example of blockprinting, it is the earliest which
bears an actual date. The colophon, at the inner end, reads: `Reverently [caused
to be] made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents
on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong [i.e. 11th May, AD 868]'.
Source : http://www.bl.uk/collections/treasures/diamond.html
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Funan
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Srivijaya
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7th to 13th century A.D.
Majapahit
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1st to 6th century A.D.
Late 13th to early 16th century
A.D.
Melaka
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15th to early 16th century A.D.
Funan
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1st to 6th century A.D.
Became important in mainland SEA in
1st century A.D.
Founded by a Indian Brahmin
Married a local queen and became the
first king
Funan rose to power because of trade
and agriculture
Land in Funan was fertile; people
mainly farmers
Irrigation was carried out
Form of writing : Indian script
Funan
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1st to 6th century A.D.
Traders : India, Sumatra &
java
Visited Oc-eo, the main port,
on their way to China
Funan declined by the 5th
century A.D.
Srivijaya 7
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th
to 13th century A.D.
Srivijaya established by chiefs of
Sumatra in late 7th century A.D.
It was not located on fertile plains
Grew up around the port of
Palembang
Well-located near the Straits of
Melaka
Srivijaya 7
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th
to 13th century A.D.
Rulers of Palembang made it an
attractive port for traders
Suppress piracy in the surrounding
waters
Also conquered many territories
Gained control over its rival ports
Declined in the 13th century A.D.
Srivijaya 7
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th
to 13th century A.D.
New kingdom : Majapahit
By 15th century A.D., control of
trade shifted to Melaka
More in Chap 7
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Melaka Sultanate
founded by a Hindu
prince, Parameswara
from Palembang
Lasted more than a
century
Rose to become an
important trading
centre under
Parameswara
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2 social classes
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Upper Class : Nobles
and traders
Owned huge houses
and slaves
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Lower Class : People
engaged in hunting,
fishing & collecting tin
ore
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Many foreigners in
Melaka
Come from India,
Arabia and China to
trade
Javanese hired as
soldiers of war by
Melakan rulers
PARAMESWARA’S LEADERSHIP
 Reasons why foreigners
traded at Melaka
 P was a resourceful leader
 Took advantage of Melaka’s
strategic location to
promote trade
 Suppressed piracy along the
Straits of Melaka
 Introduced an effective
system of administration
 He was helped by an Inner
Council of Four
 And also other govt officials
and village chiefs
GOVERNMENT IN
MELAKA
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System of taxation fair
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Foreigners pay 6% in tax
An additional 1% in gifts
Harbour masters
(Shahbandars) looked after
harbour activities and
welfare of traders
Standard systems of
weights and measures, as
well as coins, were used.
Why?
GOVERNMENT IN
MELAKA
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P became a Muslim by
marrying a Muslim princess
Melaka now ruled by a
Muslim ruler
Muslim traders from India,
Arabia & the Malay
Archipelago began trading
with Melaka
Melaka prospered through
trade
GOVERNMENT IN
MELAKA
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Rulers not only collected
taxes and gifts from traders,
they also owned trading
ships and took part in trade
GOVERNMENT IN MELAKA
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Siam posed an external threat to Melaka
P had to send tributes (gifts) to Siam to prevent attacks from
Siam
His fear of Siam was lessened in 1403
He won the support of China
The Ming Emperor, Yong Le, recognised Melaka as a vassel of
China
Said he would protect it from any Siamese attack
GOVERNMENT IN MELAKA
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Melaka became more powerful in
the mid 15th century during the
rule of Sultan Mansur Shah
Capable Bendahara (Chief Minister)
Tun Perak
Laksamana (Admiral) Hang Tuah
During this time, Melaka furthered
its territorial conquest
Took over Pahang, Kedah,
Trengganu and some states in
Sumatra
GOVERNMENT IN MELAKA
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Soon Melaka controlled many
states on both sides of the Straits
of Melaka
Strongest state in the Malay
Archipelago
The conquered states were not
tightly controlled by the govt in
Melaka
With territorial expansion, trade of
Melaka increased in volume
Large variety of goods were
bought and sold