Transcript Lecture 1: Introduction to Materials Science File

PHF110: Basic Physics
and Materials
Introductory Lecture
Martin Thorne
Loughborough College
Material courtesy of Mark Jepson
Loughborough University
Session overview




What is materials science?
History of materials
The importance of materials
Recent material developments
Intended Learning Outcomes
 Know the meaning of the term; materials science
and engineering.
 Understand the importance of Materials to everyday
items
 Be aware that Materials science is used in different
roles in science and engineering
Materials Science
The Science of “Stuff”
• Grain
structure
• Chemical
distribution
• Phases
• Particles
• ……
Microstructure
Processing
•Casting
•Injection
moulding
•Forging
•Rolling
•……
Processes
Features
Properties
• Melting
temperature
• Ductility
• Hardness
• ……
Facts
Materials Science
Materials Science





Interface between science and engineering
Strategic and economic importance
Key to our lives
Often taken for granted – (more later)
In great demand
2.5 million BC
Flint
Stone age
Figurines
28,000 BC
Pottery
14,000 BC
Bronze
sword
Iron tools
Machine Age
Plastics Age
Silicon Age
Nano Age?
Graphene?
????
Middle ages
Renaissance
Industrial Rev
Iron age
1300-1000 BC
Bronze age
6000-2500 BC
Human Time Periods
Plastic
artefacts
Electronics
Which Materials are we talking about?
Metals
Composites
Plastics
(Polymers)
Ceramics
Polymers
Semiconductors
Bio materials
Metals
Composites
Material Classes
Ceramics
Material Classes
Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Metals
Material Classes
Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Ceramics
Material Classes
Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Polymer Examples
Defining Materials Science and
Engineering?
Physics Properties
Science
WHY?
Chemistry
Synthesis
Materials
Making it
work
Engineering
HOW?
Manufacturing
Applications
Design
WHAT?
Solving
problems
Just a few of the industrial sectors
involved
Aerospace
Electronics
Construction
Energy FMCG
Sports
Recycling
Defence
Healthcare
Automotive
Chemistry / Microstructure - What are
things made out of?
G
B
Physics - What are their properties?
Processing - How do we make things?
Design - How do we choose the right
materials?
and fail?
How do materials change, degrade
How can we make things better?
SET Award
winner 2013
Best UK materials
student
Materials science – an (everyday) example
Question: How many parts are in these
pens?
Discuss and feedback
Materials science – an (everyday) example
End plug
Barrel
Cartridge
Lid
Ink
Point(?)
Insert
Tip
Ball
Question: How many different materials?
Materials science – an (everyday) example
Part
Material
End cap
Polyethylene
Barrel
Polystyrene
Cartridge
Polypropylene
Lid
Polyethylene
Ink
Ink
Point
Polystyrene (toughened)
Insert
Brass
Tip
Brass
Ball
Tungsten Carbide / Cobalt “cer-met”
6 Materials, 9 parts yet only costs 20 p
Not only that, but each ball is examined – by eye!
A more complex example…
Question: How many different materials?
Answer: Many – all with tailored properties
A more complex example…
 The ceramic
coating causes a
temperature
decrease of
approximately
200°C
 This allows the
gases to be hotter
which increases
efficiency
N. T. Padture et al., Science, 296, 280, 2002.
Roles of Materials Experts
 Materials Scientist
 How?, why?, inventing new materials
 Materials Engineer
 Improving performance, investigating failure
 Technologist
 Exploiting capability and opportunities
presented materials
Materials scientist
 Investigator:
 Understanding why things behave as they do
 Inventor:
 Using this understanding to create new materials with
better\special properties
Technologist
 Innovator
 Exploiting the capability and opportunities afforded by
Materials in New Products and Designs
 Leads to performance increases in existing products
or new possibilities
Materials Engineer
 Developer.
 Improving the performance of existing
materials and finding applications for new
ones
 Detective.
 Finding out what went wrong when things
don’t behave as predicted e.g. forensic
investigations, crash reconstructions.
Shuttle disaster
 Challenger shuttle – 1986
• Loss of 7 crew members
• Grounding of entire NASA
fleet for 3 years
• Caused by exceptionally
low temperatures on
launch day
• Rubber o-ring was brittle
• Engineers actually knew
there was a risk
De Havilland Comet disasters – 1950s
• Manufacturer had
experience of producing
wooden planes
• The Comet was aluminium
• Pressurising and
depressurising caused
expansion and contraction
• Resulting in fatigue failure
at a rivet
• Square features cause
stress concentrations
New Materials




Organic semiconductors
Graphene – Nobel Prize
Bulk metallic glasses
Shape Memory alloys
 Materials in unexpected places
 Titanium glasses frames
 Cardboard buildings – New Zealand
Materials Degree courses
BEng / MEng
Design with
Engineering
Materials
MEng / BEng
Automotive
Materials
MEng/ BEng
Materials
Engineering
Diploma in
Industrial Studies
This course
 Explore the basic structure of materials
 Influence on properties
 Basic introduction only
 Basis for further study
 On foundation
 In your chosen degree (all science and
engineering needs / relies on materials)
 If you CHOOSE MATERIALS
Structure of Course
Week number
Contents
1
Introduction to the subject of “Materials”
2
Mechanical properties
3
Mechanical testing
4+5
Atomic bonding and crystal structure
6
TUTORIAL – Revision of W1 - 5
7+8
Material Characterisation
9
Phase Diagrams – Flipped Lecture
10
Processing of Materials
11
No Lecture
12
Revision Lecture
Intended Learning Outcomes
 Know the meaning of the term; materials science
and engineering.
 Understand the importance of Materials to everyday
items
 Be aware that Materials science is used in different
roles in science and engineering