Transcript Other Movements

Other Movements
and
Significant Leaders
George Wallace
(1919 –1998)
An American politician
and the 45th governor of
Alabama, having served
two nonconsecutive
terms and two
consecutive terms as a
Democrat: 1963–1967,
1971–1979 and 1983–
1987. Supported
Segregation.
George Wallace
• Governor of Alabama
• Pro-Segregation policies during the
1960s
• Served as governor for three terms
• “I draw the line in the dust and toss
the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny,
and I say segregation now, segregation
tomorrow, segregation forever. “ George Wallace from his first inaugural
address in 1963.
• In 1982 he offered a public apology for
his stance on segregation.
Orval Faubus
(1910 –1994)
Served six consecutive terms
as governor of Arkansas.
Most widely remembered for
his attempt to block the
desegregation of Little Rock’s
Central High School in 1957.
His stand against “forced
integration” resulted in
President Eisenhower’s
sending federal troops to
Little Rock to enforce the
1954 desegregation ruling of
Orval Faubus
• Governor of Arkansas
• While he was governor there
was a federal order to stop
racial segregation.
• (1957) Best known for ordering
the Arkansas National Guard to
stop African American students
from entering Little Rock
Central High School
• President Eisenhower sent U.S.
troops to enforce integration.
Lester Maddox
(1915 –2003)
An American politician
who was the 75th
Governor of the U.S.
state of Georgia from
1967 to 1971. A
populist governor and
Democrat, Maddox
came to prominence
as a staunch
Lester Maddox
• Governor of Georgia
• Segregationist
• As the owner of a restaurant
(Pickrick Cafeteria), he refused to
serve African Americans. He
challenged the Civil Rights Act of
1964 by refusing to desegregate.
• Maddox gained much popularity
through his actions and decided to
run for governor of Georgia.
UFWA
(United Farm Workers Association)
Dolores Huerta & César Chávez co-founded a workers'
union which became the United Farm Workers (UFW).
Their most effective tactic was the boycott. The NFWA
urged supporters not to buy products from companies
that did not sign a contract with the union.
Led strikes and boycotts against grape growers and
lettuce producers in California in the 1960s & 70s
Main goal to improve wages & conditions for farm
workers
César Chavez
(1927-1993)
An American farm
worker, labor leader
and civil rights
activist, who, with
Dolores Huerta, cofounded the National
Farm Workers
Association.
César Chávez
• (1924-1997) César Chávez was a migrant farm
worker who sought to improve the lives of other
migrant workers.
• He served as national director of the Community
• Service Organization before resigning in 1962 to
focus on organizing a union for farm workers.
• He called for non-violent struggles for justice and
used strikes, boycotts and other forms of civil
disobedience to improve conditions for migrant
workers.
• Eventually strikes and boycotts caused 26 grape
growers in California to recognize the United
Farm Workers union in 1970 but growers
continued to break contracts.
• Chávez provided leadership for 30 years,
protesting violence and urging cooperation
between growers and workers.
• The union continues to protect the rights of
migrants
• laborers from unfair treatment on the part of
employers.
Dolores Huerta
(1930- Present)
A labor leader and
civil rights activist
who, along with
César Chávez, cofounded the National
Farmworkers
Association, which
later became the
Dolores Huerta
• Civil Rights activist
• Activist for farmworkers’ rights
• Co-founder of the UFW
(United Farm Workers Union)
• Directed the national grape
boycott which led to collective
bargaining rights of workers.
• She continues to help improve
the lives of women, workers
and immigrants.
LULAC
(League of United Latin American Citizens)
Created in 1930 to combat the discrimination
faced by Hispanics in the United States.
Established in Corpus Christi, Texas, LULAC was
a consolidation of smaller, like-minded civil rights
groups already in existence. Since its creation,
the organization has grown; it has a national
headquarters, active councils in many states, and
a professional staff.
Hector P. Garcia
(1914-1996)
A Mexican-American
physician, surgeon,
World War II veteran,
civil rights advocate,
and founder of the
American G.I. Forum.
Hector P. Garcia
• Mexican American physician and
civil rights advocate, Dr. Garcia
organized the American G.I.
Forum (1948).
• The organization was initially to
improve veteran benefits and
enhance medical needs.
• The organization expanded to
address educational and
vocational training, housing,
public education, poll taxes, voter
registration, hospitalization and
employment.
AIM
(American Indian Movement)
Founded to guide Indian people toward a renewal of
spirituality and culture
 Has organized communities and created opportunities for
people across the Americas & Canada.
 Headquartered in Minneapolis with chapters in other cities,
rural areas and Indian Nations.
 1969 ALCATRAZ ISLAND occupied for 19 months.
 1971, "Trail of Broken Treaties". protest in Wash, D.C.
 1977 MIGIZI Communications founded in Minneapolis.
 WOUNDED KNEE '73: asked by Lakota elders for help
which led to the 71-day occupation/battle with US. forces.
 Opposes national and
collegiate sports teams using
figures of indigenous
people as mascots & team
names
American Indian Movement
• American Indian Movement
(founded in 1968)
• AIM Goals included:
o A voice in Congress
o Compensation for treaty violations
o Protect religious freedom and cultural
integrity
o Create a federal agency that is fair and
representative of their needs
• 1971: Protest in Washington D.C.
(Trail of Broken Treaties)
Dennis Banks
Clyde Bellecourt
• Today, there is an improved American
perception of American Indians. There
are more opportunities for education
and job training. American Indian
cultures continue to be preserved and
traditions maintained.
NOW
(National Organization for Women)
Founded on June 30, 1966, in Washington, D.C.,
Statement of Purpose "the time has come to confront,
with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent
women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and
freedom of choice which is their right, as individual
Americans, and as human beings."
The founders included Betty Friedan (the author of
The Feminine Mystique (1963), who was also NOW's
first president), Rev. Pauli Murray, the first AfricanAmerican female Episcopal priest, and Shirley
Chisholm, the first Black woman to run for President
of the United States of America.
Focus: Women's rights, feminism, racism/anti-racism,
homophobia and LGBT rights, reproductive rights
Advocates an Equal Rights Amendment
Betty Friedan
(1921 –2006)
An American writer,
activist and feminist. A
leading figure in the
women's movement in the
United States, her 1963
book The Feminine
Mystique is often credited
with sparking the second
wave of American
feminism in the 20th
Betty Friedan
• Writer, journalist and activist
• Co-founder of NOW (National
Organization of Women) in
1966
• Wrote: The Feminine Mystique
• Inspired women to leave
traditional roles and seek new
opportunities in education, the
workplace and leadership.
Eleanor Roosevelt
(1884 –
1962)
An American political
leader who used her
influence as an active
First Lady from 1933 to
1945 to promote the New
Deal policies of her
husband, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt, as
well as taking a prominent
role as an advocate for
Eleanor Roosevelt
• As First Lady, she actively
supported programs that helped
the youth and the poor.
• She was an advocate for civil
rights.
• Appointed by President Truman
as a delegate to the United
Nations General Assembly and
became the first chairperson of
the preliminary United Nations
Commission on Human Rights.
• Spokesperson for women at the
international level.