Transcript Making Foreign Policy

MAKING FOREIGN
POLICY
• The overall plan for dealing with other
nations.
• Policies are dictated by world events.
• Basic goal is to protect the US from attack
or harm (National Security)
5 Goals of Foreign Policy
• 1. National security is essential
• Without national security, our government
cannot effectively meet other important goals, if
the nation is under attack
• 2. International Trade
• Vital to economic prosperity
• Creates markets for American products and
jobs for American workers
• Promotes free and prosperous trade
• 3. Promotes basic human rights
• Basic ___ and rights that all people should
enjoy (food, shelter, safety, etc.)
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was
created by the United Nations (UN: 191
member countries that promotes world peace,
justice, and cooperation, along with developing
friendly relations among countries, and seeking
peace to global problems) in 1948 which
addresses social, economic, and human rights;
contains 30 human rights, stated the way things
should be done, and not the way they are
• 4. Promoting World Peace
• When other nations are at war, US trade can be
disrupted and endanger the mainland
• When other nations are at peace, there is no
threat to the US
• 5. Promote Democracy Around the World
• Encourages peace and thus helps protect or
safety
• As of 2005, apx. 37% of the worlds population
dictatorships countries
• These countries often practiced or permitted
human rights violations
• Minimum requirements of a democracy is
that the citizens choose their authoritative
leaders freely from authoritarian groups
who were not chosen by the government
• Countries that go beyond the democratic
standard are considered fully free
• In 2015 countries that are considered fully
free- 24, partly free- 51, 38 meeting the
minimum standard for democracy but no
other range of liberties
The President and Foreign Policy
• Looked at by Americans and others around the world to
directly represent the US in foreign affairs
• Works with the White House assistants with various
bureaucracy departments (such as State and Defense)
and agencies (such as CIA and National Security Council
• Gives the President valuable information so he can
make key decisions which the agencies then carry out
• Sometimes the advice from the departments and
agencies can be multiple that the President must
choose from
Foreign and Military Affairs
• Divided between the President and Congress by the
Constitution
• President is the Chief Diplomat and the Commander in
Chief
• Congress can only declare war
• Division prohibits certain military actions and the ability
to spend or withhold money for defense
• Sometimes causes competition between the Executive
and Legislative Branches who has more power over
foreign affairs.
• Examples: after WWII, the President had more
power; late 1960’s-70’s because of Vietnam
shifted back to Congress; after 9/11 shifted
back to the President
Tools of Foreign Policy
• Methods used to influence other nations while carrying
out foreign policy
• 1. Creating Treaties
• Sometimes based on defense or creating allies(nations
agree to support each other if attacked)
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) mutual
treaty between US, Canada, and other nations of
Europe (EU: and organization of independent
European nations that has no natural barriers and a
common currency with each other)
• Must be approved by a 2/3 vote of the Congress
• 2. Executive Agreements
• Made between the President and leaders of other
countries
• Do note need the approval of the Senate
• Usually deal with routine matters
• 3. Appointing Ambassadors
• Must be approved by the Senate
• Sent only to countries where the government is
recognized
• If the government of a country is thought to hold
power illegally, the President can refuse to recognize
that government
• No ambassador will be sent to that country nor will
they be allowed to send an ambassador to the US
• 4. International Trade
• President makes arrangements with other nations about
•
•
•
•
products to be traded and the rules for trading
Trade sanctions: a measure where the US punishes
another nation by imposing trade barriers
Embargos: another punishing tool where the US
prohibits other and prohibits them all from trading with a
target nation
Tariffs: taxes imposed by Customs on imported goods
Congress controls the membership in international trade
groups
• North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA):
an agreement between the US, Mexico, and
Canada to eventually eliminate all trade barriers
amongst the 3 countries
• World Trade Organization (WTO): International
body that organizes negotiations about trade
rules and provides help to countries that are
trying to develop their own economy
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC): 11 nation group of oil producing
countries that work together on supply and
demand to determine prices
• 5. Foreign Aid
• Money, food, military assistance, or other
supplies given to other countries
• Example: Truman Doctrine- $400 million in
military and economic aid given in 1947 for
Turkey and Greece
• 6. Military Force
• A powerful tool for foreign policy decisions that
must be used with great care by the President
• Ex: President foreign policy ordering the death
warrant of Osama Bin Laden
Group Activity
• You will get into groups and answer the following
scenarios with M-Military, T-Treaty, or FA-Foreign Aid
1. More than 100 U.S. citizens died when the Germans
sunk a passenger ship called the Lusitania in 1915, but
President Wilson did not want to enter World War I. He
convinced Germany to agree to stop the attacks.
2. In 1917, Germany re-started its submarine attacks
against unarmed ships even though it had pledged to
stop. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asked the U.S.
Congress for a declaration of war, and the U.S. entered
World War I.
3. In 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed an agreement
forming an alliance. They hoped to keep the U.S. out of
World War II. President Franklin Roosevelt asked Congress
for aid to help Great Britain fight these powers.
4. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii. The next day, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt
asked the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war against
Japan. Congress acted quickly, and the U.S. officially
entered World War II.
5. In order to defeat Germany in World War II, President
Franklin Roosevelt worked with Great Britain to plan a
major invasion of western Europe. In 1943, he appointed
General Dwight Eisenhower to lead the attack.
6. In 1949, after World War II, the United States and other
democratic western countries formed NATO, the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization. It said that if any country was attacked by
an outside nation, they would help defend each other.
7. After World War II, the United States gave more than $13
billion to help rebuild countries.
8. During the Cold War, the United States was determined to
stop communism from spreading. When communist North Korea
invaded South Korea in 1950, President Truman sent U.S.
troops to help stop the North Koreans.
9. In 1968, the major countries of the world agreed to the
“Nuclear Non-Proliferation”
10. In 1990, Iraqi leader Sadam Hussein invaded and took over
neighboring Kuwait. In January 1991, Congress authorized President
George H. W. Bush to lead U.S. troops into Kuwait and force the Iraqi
troops to leave.
11. In 1993, the United States, Canada, and Mexico agreed to the
North American Free Trade
12. On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists attacked the United
States. President George W. Bush asked Congress for authority to use
military force against those responsible. U.S. troops were sent to
Afghanistan, where al-Qaeda leaders were based.
13. In January 2010, a terrible earthquake devastated Haiti. The United
States sent food.
14. In 2013, the U.S. Agency for International Development’s “Water
Supply, Sanitation & Hygiene” program in West Africa helped over
28,000 people get access to a better source for drinking water.