Transcript BeginningofColdWar

American Foreign
Policy
1945-1952
& The Early
Cold War:
Part I:
“Reconstruction &
Confrontation”
“The Holocaust was the systematic,
bureaucratic, state-sponsored
persecution and murder of
approximately six million Jews by
the Nazi regime and its
collaborators…
Country
Men in war
Battle deaths
Wounded
Australia
1,000,000
26,976
180,864
Austria
800,000
280,000
350,117
Belgium
625,000
8,460
55,5131
40,334
943
4,222
339,760
6,671
21,878
Canada
1,086,3437
42,0427
53,145
China3
17,250,521
1,324,516
1,762,006
Czechoslovakia
—
6,6834
8,017
Denmark
—
4,339
—
Finland
500,000
79,047
50,000
France
—
201,568
400,000
20,000,000
3,250,0004
7,250,000
Greece
—
17,024
47,290
Hungary
—
147,435
89,313
India
2,393,891
32,121
64,354
Italy
3,100,000
149,4964
66,716
Japan
9,700,000
1,270,000
140,000
Netherlands
280,000
6,500
2,860
New Zealand
194,000
11,6254
17,000
75,000
2,000
—
—
664,000
530,000
650,0005
350,0006
—
410,056
2,473
—
—
6,115,0004
14,012,000
5,896,000
357,1164
369,267
16,112,566
291,557
670,846
3,741,000
305,000
425,000
Brazil2
Bulgaria
Germany
Norway
Poland
Romania
South Africa
U.S.S.R.
United Kingdom
United States
Yugoslavia
WW II
Casualties
1. Civilians only.
2. Army and navy figures.
3. Figures cover period July 7,
1937 to Sept. 2, 1945,
and concern only Chinese
regular troops. They do not
include casualties suffered
by guerrillas and local
military corps.
4. Deaths from all causes.
5. Against Soviet Russia;
385,847
against Nazi Germany.
6. Against Soviet Russia;
169,822
against Nazi Germany.
7. National Defense Ctr.,
Canadian
Forces Hq., Director of
History.
The Nuremberg Military
Tribunal 1945
The victorious Allies—France,
Great Britain, the Soviet Union,
and the United States—agreed
to establish an international
tribunal to try Germany’s
leaders for complicity in the
deaths of twelve million
people.
In October 1945, the
International Military Tribunal
met in Nuremberg where its
prosecutors indicted 22
principal Nazi leaders on
crimes against peace, war
crimes, and crimes against
humanity.
The Yalta Conference 1945
•In February 1945,
Churchill, Roosevelt, and
Stalin met at the Black Sea
resort town of Yalta to
make decisions about:
•Germany and Poland
•Germany is divided into
four zones of occupation,
by one of four Allied
nations: Great Britain, the
USSR, the U.S., and
France.
•United Nations.
•“Stalin agrees to “Self
Determination of “eastern
block” areas
The “Big Three” at Yalta
•Polish sovereignty was
far from settled.
*Divisions
within
postwar
Germany
The *Potsdam Conference July
1945
•U.S.= Harry Truman.
• Britain = Prime Minister
Clement Attlee,
•USSR – Joseph Stalin
governing Germany’s future,
outlawing Nazism
dismantling the German
military, reorganizing the
German economy, and
instituting representative
government.
Attlee, Truman, and Stalin at Potsdam
U.S. Occupation of Japan
1945-1950
•General Douglas MacArthur
• five year American
occupation of Japan.
•Japan had been devastated by
the war, and MacArthur
supervised the reconstruction of
the country’s infrastructure as
well as the creation of a new
government based on
democratic principles.
•Limited military capabilitiy
•Japan would prosper under
Capitalism and become an ally to
the U.S.
MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito
The United
Nations
 International peacekeeping
organization
 FDR was the “principal
architect” of the UN
 Goal = Peacekeeping
 World Bank for reconstruction
 The UN kept peace in Kashmir and
other trouble spots, created the new
Jewish state of Israel, formed such
groups as UNESCO (U.N. Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization),
FAO (Food and Agricultural
Organization), and WHO (World Health
Organization), bringing benefits to
people all over the globe.
The De-Colonization of
European Empires
The Emergence of Third
World Nationalist Movements
7 Future American Presidents
Served in World War II
The Postwar World Order
Of all the Allied nations, the United States
emerged strongest from World War II.
Other than Pearl Harbor, no fighting had
taken place on American soil
The Soviets used the threat of their military
might to install communist-led government
in the eastern European countries along
Russia’s western border, turning them into
“satellite” nations.
•Senator from Missouri
•Honest and unpretentious
•Decisive and stubborn
•Saw U.S. through the War in the
Pacific
•Dropped 2 Atomic Bombs on Japan
•Civil Rights Advocate
•“Give –em Hell” Speeches\
•Was President as the U.S. became
the most respected “Superpower” in
the world.
•Revolutionary from Georgia (Russia)
•Took the Stalin ( means steel)
•Powerful in the Bolshevik party
•Cruel both privately and publicly
•Directly or indirectly be responsible
for the deaths of tens of millions of
human beings.
•Brought the USSR out of feudalism
and made them a an industrialized
“Superpower”
The Cold War [1945-1991]:
An Ideological Struggle
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL  “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
[George Kennan]
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL  spread worldwide Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy]  “proxy wars”
4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
*The “Iron Curtain”
The world had an
entirely different
attitude about
“appeasement”
after WWII
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the
Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
*Truman Doctrine [1947]
1. Civil War in Greece (Communist Uprising)
2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for
concessions in the Dardanelles.
3. The U. S. should support free peoples
throughout the world who were resisting
takeovers by armed minorities or outside
pressures…We must assist free peoples to
work out their own destinies in their own
way.
4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million
in aid to fight against “totalitarian regimes”
The Marshall Plan
 Europe’s economy was in shambles after World War II
 Marshall proposed aid to “all European countries who
needed it”
 “European Recovery
Program.”
 Plan also worked to keep communism from spreading to
western Europe
“This move is not against any country or doctrine, but
against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos”

$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to
Eastern Europe


& USSR, [but this was rejected].
It Worked: Europe achieved self sustaining growth and
American Economy Grew as did the rift between the
US and USSR
Secretary of State
George Marshall
Post-War Germany
The Division of Berlin
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
Western powers wanted a economically
independent Germany while Stalin wanted a
weak Germany. Also Stalin wanted the Allies
OUT of Berlin!! So he cut of all land access
to the city. Truman takes a stand and
carries on with a major year long airlift
campaign to keep west Germans in
supplies. Stalin backs off but the division
between East and West Germany becomes
fixed and create 2 Germanys. A western ally
& eastern Soviet satallite.
Truman also
sent 60
bombers
CAPABLE of
carrying nukes
to England
(PG. 552-553 AP)
The Arms Race:
}
The Soviet Union
exploded its first Abomb in 1949.
}
Now there were two
nuclear
superpowers!
}
~1953 – U.S. HAS
THE H- BOMB
}
1954 USSR HAS H
- BOMB
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (1949)
Pg.
553554 AP
 United States
 Belgium
 Britain
 Canada
 Denmark
 Luxemburg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 France
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 Iceland
 1955: West Germany
 Italy
 1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
}
U. S. S. R.
}
East Germany
}
Albania
}
Hungary
}
Bulgaria
}
Poland
}
Czechoslovakia
}
Rumania
The Bipolarization of Europe
U.S. PRO-ACTIVE MILITARY
POLICIES
 National Security Act 1947:
 MODERNIZE U.S. DEFENSE
 Department of Defense
 National Security Council (Cold War)
 Central Intelligence Agency
 NSC 68
 Quadruple U.S. defense spending
 Form alliances
 Convince U.S. public to support
 McCarthyism????
*George Kennan [“X Article”]:
CONTAINMENT PG. 564 AP
Goals
Means
Actual Application
1. Restoration
of the balance
of power
Encouragement
of selfconfidence in
nations
threatened by
Soviet expansion.
Long-term
program of U.S.
economic
assistance
[Marshall Plan]
2. Reduction of
Soviet ability
to project
outside power.
Exploitation of
tensions in
international
communism.
Cooperation with
communist regimes
George Kennan [“X Article”]:
CONTAINMENT
Goals
Means
Actual Application
3. Modification
of the Soviet
concept of
international
relations.
Negotiating
settlement of
outstanding
differences.
Using “carrots &
sticks’;
containing
Germany with an
embrace and
Russia at arms
length.
National Defense Budget [1940-1964]
COLD WAR
IN ASIA
•U.S. = NO
invasion, $$ 400
mill instead… of
which 80 % lands
in Communist
hands.
•U.S. will not
recognize
communist China
for 30 years =
1979
•1950 Mao &
Stalin signed Sino
– Soviet Pact = to
most proof of
World Communist
Conspiracy.
Mao’s Revolution: 1949
China, the communist forces, led by Mao Zedong, defeated
the nationalist forces (Kuomintang), led by Chiang Kai-shek,
who then fled to the island of Formosa (Taiwan) in
1949.With this defeat, one-quarter of the world population
plunged under the Communist flag. Truman and Democrats
are blamed for being to “soft” on Communism and Americans
see the Sino- Soviet Pact as proof of worldwide communist
conspiracy
*The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953)
Syngman Rhee
and
Kim Il-Sung
and
General Douglas
MacArthur
Mao ZeDong
“Domino Theory”
Containment Policy in Action
The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953)
 Post WWII Japan lost it’s former colony of
Korea: Soviets controlled North and U.S. the
South.
 1949 both Russian and American withdrew,
but left weapons behind that would be used to
arm rival regimes (communist North and democratic South).
 Then, on June 25, 1950, North Korean forces
suddenly invaded South Korean, taking the
South Koreans by surprise and pushing them
dangerously south toward Pusan.
 Truman ordered U.S. military spending to be
quadrupled
 “UN Force” led by American General MacArthur’s
Japan-based troops sent to liberate South Korea.
The Shifting Map of Korea
[1950-1953]
The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953)
 General MacArthur drove the North Koreans back
across the 38th parallel, towards China and the Yalu
River in 09-1950.
 MacArthur boasted that he’d “have the boys home
by Christmas,” but in November 1950, Chinese
volunteers flooded across the border and pushed
the South Koreans back to the 38th parallel.
 MacArthur, humiliated, wanted to blockade China and
bomb Manchuria, but Truman didn’t want to enlarge
the war, but when the angry general began to publicly
criticize President Truman, Harry had not choice but to
remove him from command on grounds of
insubordination.
Pg. 557 AP
The Shifting Map of Korea
[1950-1953]
The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953)
LEGACY
 MacArthur returned to cheers while Truman was scorned
as a “pig,” an “imbecile,” an appeaser to Communist
Russian and China, and a “Judas.” Truman and and the
Democrats were seen as appeasers and “Soft of
communism”
 WAR = STALEMATE = Back to 38th Parallel
 ~54,000 Americans Died in Korea!
 “Containment Policy” worked
 Stopped communits aggression w/ out “all out war”
 A Conservative American public calls for an aggressive
policy towards communist!
 “No substitute for victory” = better than containment and “limited
war” according the American public at large.
 U.S. dramaticlly increases the military & defense spending
2nd RED SCARE
 Ferreting Out Alleged Communists
 Loyalty Review Board, which investigated more than 3 million
federal employees.
 In 1949, 11 communists were convicted of violating the Smith Act
of 1940, The first peacetime anti-sedition law since 1798. They
were sent to prison, and their conviction was upheld by the 1951
case Dennis vs. United States.
 Congress Passed (over Truman’s veto) the McCarran Internal
Security Bill: Unlawful to support totalitarianism, and
authorized detention camps for subversives
 The Soviet success of developing nuclear bombs so easily was
probably due to spies, and in 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
were brought to trial, convicted, and executed.
 Their sensational trial, electrocution, and sympathy for their
two children began to sober America zeal in red hunting.
McCarthyism
 Committee on Un-American Activities (“HUAC”) to
investigate “subversion,” and in 1948, committee
member Richard M. Nixon prosecuted Algier Hiss.
 Senator Joseph R. McCarthy charged that there were
scores of unknown communists in the State
Department.
 FEAR
 LACK OF ANY PROOF
 BLACKLISTED
 WNET AFTER THE ARMY… DUG HIS OWN GRAVE
 *** But conservative attitude of toughness toward the
Communist was firmly entrenched and would shape
American Foreign Policy for the next 4 decades!
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist
states, it doesn't
depend on you
whether we
(Soviet Union) exist.
If you don't like us,
don't accept our
invitations, and don't
De-Stalinization
invite us to come
Program
to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our
side. We will bury you. -- 1956
Communism in the 20th Century