Transcript 5. NPT - Teaching Nonproliferation

The Nonproliferation Treaty
Atoms for Peace
• December 8, 1953 President Eisenhower
spoke to the UN suggesting that peaceful uses
of the atom be promoted internationally.
• Eisenhower suggested that the International
Atomic Agency Association be created to
promote peaceful uses of the atom.
• The IAEA is widely known as the world's "Atoms
for Peace" organization within the United Nations
family. Set up in 1957 as the world's centre for
cooperation in the nuclear field, the Agency
works with its Member States and multiple
partners worldwide to promote the safe, secure
and peaceful use of nuclear technologies.
NPT history from
www.armscontrol.org
• The United States, followed by the Soviet Union,
France, and others, began providing research
reactors that used weapons-usable, highly
enriched uranium (though usually in lesser
amounts than needed for a weapon) to nonnuclear-weapon states around the world.
• These transfers and the training that
accompanied the reactors helped scientists in
many countries learn about nuclear fission and its
potential uses.
• As these scientists moved up the nuclear learning
curve, global support increased for controlling
the spread of the new technology in order to
prevent its use for weapons.
• Soon, debate about nonproliferation in the UN
General Assembly produced a 1961 consensus
Irish resolution saying that countries already
having nuclear weapons would “undertake to
refrain from relinquishing control” of them to
others and would refrain “from transmitting
information for their manufacture to States not
possessing” them.
• Countries without nuclear weapons would agree
not to receive or manufacture them. These ideas
were the basis for the NPT.
The nonproliferation treaty
• The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent
the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote
cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal
of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete
disarmament.
• The Treaty represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral
treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States.
• Opened for signature in 1968, the Treaty entered into force in 1970. On 11
May 1995, the Treaty was extended indefinitely. A total of 190 parties
have joined the Treaty, including the five nuclear-weapon States. More
countries have ratified the NPT than any other arms limitation and
disarmament agreement, a testament to the Treaty's significance.
NPT
• It is a short treaty. Read it.
• http://www.armscontrol.org/documents/npt
The NPT deal
• 5 countries get to have nuclear weapons.
• US, Russia, UK, France, and China are nuclear
weapons states (NWS).
• NWS agree to export peaceful nuclear
technologies to the other states, but not
nuclear weapons technologies.
The NPT deal
• All the other states agree not to develop
nuclear weapons.
• The non-nuclear weapons states (NNWS) get
to import peaceful nuclear technologies.
The IAEA police
• The International Atomic Energy Agency will
police the deal, making sure that the
recipients of peaceful nuclear technology do
not pursue nuclear weapons.
Benefits to NWS
• No new NWS. More military and political
power.
• Get to export peaceful nuclear technology.
• Safer world.
Benefits to NNWS
• Get to import peaceful nuclear technologies.
• Safer world.
Responsibilities of NWS
• Export peaceful nuclear technologies.
• Work on disarmament. Article VI of NPT.
Responsibilities of NNWS
• Don’t develop nuclear weapons.
Not buying the NPT deal
•
•
•
•
•
India
Pakistan
Israel
North Korea (joined and then withdrew)
South Sudan (independence in 2011)
Nuclear Threat Initiative’s
NPT Tutorial
• http://tutorials.nti.org/npttutorial/introduction/?mgs1=7daffMNRyd
• Quiz on NPT
• http://tutorials.nti.org/npt-tutorial/quiz/
Troubles with IAEA
• Inspection regime inadequate.
• After the first Gulf War (1990-1) Iraq was
found to have had an advanced program to try
and develop nuclear weapons that the IAEA
had not discovered.
• After the First Gulf War, Iraq’s nuclear and
biological weapons facilities were destroyed
by the UN Special Committee on WMD
(UNSCOM).
• But the need for a better inspection regime
was revealed and the Additional Protocol to
the NPT was invented.
Additional Protocol
• Status of the Additional Protocol
• https://www.iaea.org/safeguards/safeguardslegal-framework/additional-protocol/statusof-additional-protocol
IAEA Budget 2015
€
Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Nuclear Science
34 861 971
Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection
38 888 632
Nuclear Safety and Security
37 555 701
Nuclear Verification
Policy, Management and Administration Services
Management of Technical Cooperation for Development
Subtotal of Major Programmes
Reimbursable work for others
TOTAL
132 540 092
77 687 366
23 797 704
345 331 466
2 845 593
348 177 059
That’s about $542,407,631 or $1/2 billion or about 1/1200 of US defense spending
123 Agreements
• Section 123 of the US Atomic Energy Act requires the conclusion of a
specific agreement for significant transfers of nuclear material,
equipment, or components from the United States to another nation.
• Section 123 Agreements are important tools in advancing U.S.
nonproliferation principles.
• These Agreements act in conjunction with other nonproliferation tools,
particularly the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, to establish the legal
framework for significant nuclear cooperation with other countries.
• Moreover, the Agreements allow for cooperation in other areas, such as
technical exchanges, scientific research, and safeguards discussions.
• In order for a country to enter into such an Agreement with the United
States, that country must commit itself to adhering to U.S.- mandated
nuclear nonproliferation norms.
• The United States has entered into agreements with the following states
or groups of states:
• Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China,
Colombia, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Japan,
Kazakhstan, South Korea (ROK), Morocco,
Norway, Russia, South Africa, Switzerland,
Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE.
•
http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/treatiesagreements/123agreement
sforpeacefulcooperation
• India got on this list in 2005 under George W.
Bush, despite its failure to join the NPT.