Transcript World War II increased tensions between the USA and USSR

World War II increased
tensions between the
USA and USSR
Stalin never trusted
the Britain or the USA
during World War II
The Manhattan Project gave the USA a
monopoly on nuclear weapon technology
At the Yalta Conference,
Stalin wanted a “buffer
Stalin agreed to allow
zone” between
self-determination in the USSR & the democratic
Eastern Europe
nations in Western Europe
Stalin used his military
to install communist
gov’ts in Eastern
European nations
As
Inathe
result,
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after World
European
War nations
II, the USA began
turned to
communist
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became
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who wanted
influenced
to take
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over
USSR
the world
By 1946, Europe was divided by an “iron curtain”
that separated democratic/capitalist Western
Europe from communist/totalitarian Eastern Europe
Communism &
Totalitarianism
Capitalism &
Democracy
The U.S. created a foreign policy called Containment
to stop Soviet influence & the spread of communism
When the USSR began to pressure Greece & Turkey
to turn communist, the U.S. created the
Truman Doctrine, promising economic & military
help to any nation threatened by communism
The Truman Doctrine
worked & neither
Greece nor Turkey fell
to communism
European nations had difficulty recovering after
WWII which led to fears of communism in Europe
The U.S. created the
Marshall Plan which
offered $13 billion to help
rebuild post-war Europe
By 1952, Western Europe
recovered & Communism
never took root
At the end of WWII the
allies met at the Potsdam
Conference Germany was
divided into
zones occupied by the
USA, Britain, France,
& the USSR
Berlin, the
German capital,
was also divided
but was located
in the Soviet zone
In 1948, Stalin tried to turn all of
Berlin communist & ordered the
Berlin Blockade
which shut down all ground
transportation to West Berlin
In response, the U.S. began the Berlin Airlift
For 11 months, U.S.
& British planes
supplies landed in
Berlin to bring food,
fuel, & supplies
Stalin admitted
defeat & lifted the
blockade in 1949
The United States
successfully kept
West Berlin from
turning communist
Berlin Wall
• In 1961, the Soviet-backed East German government
(GDR) began constructing a fence to halt the flow of
human resources from the East to the West.
• The Wall was a symbol of the DIVISION of East and
West for the remainder of the Cold War until it was
taken down in 1989.
From 1945 to 1949, But, in 1949 Communist forces led by
the United States
Mao Zedong took control of China
successfully contained
and the Cold War spread to Asia
communism in Europe
The fall of China was a shock to the USA & President
Harry Truman took the blame for “losing China”
Closing Task 3-31-16
■You are to complete the introduction to the Cold
War worksheet.
■You may use the Jarrett Book or your cell phone
to look up the answers.
During the Cold War, the USA & USSR were rival
superpowers who competed to spread their ideology
The U.S. response to
the fall of China was
to more aggressively
confront communism
the world
The USA was afraid of
a “domino theory” in
which communist
nations turn their
neighbors communist
As a result, the USA
vowed to contain the
spread of communism
anywhere in the world
The USA acted when communism threatened Korea
When communism spread
to China in 1949, the USA
feared the “domino theory”
and became more aggressive
in its efforts to stop
communism (Korean War)
After WWII, Korea
was divided along the
38° with a communist
gov’t in North Korea
& a democracy in
South Korea
In 1950, North Korea
(using Soviet supplied
weapons) crossed the 38°
& attacked South Korea
When South Korea
appealed to the United
Nations, the USA sent
troops to Korea to
But,
whencommunism
the USA pushed
contain
too close to China, the
Chinese Army entered the
war & helped North Korea
The USA successfully
stopped communism from
spreading into South Korea
& showed that it was willing
to fight to contain
communism
After 3 years of fighting, a ceasefire was agreed to in
1953, the fighting stopped, & the 38° was restored
as the boundary between North & South Koreas
The USA stopped the spread of Communism into
South Korea, but in 1954, Communist Ho Chi Minh
began a war to gain independence for Vietnam
THE FRENCH V.
VIETNAM CONFLICT
• France was not about to give
up its colony
• As the fighting escalated the
French came to the US for
help
• This put the US in a difficult
position:
• 1. They opposed colonialism
• 2. Vietnam was caught up in
the Communist movement
GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION
• 1964 President Johnson
announced that the North
Vietnamese attacked U.S.
Ships in international waters.
• Congress voted to give
Johnson full military powers
to stop North Vietnamese
aggression.
VIETNAMIZATION
• President Nixon Introduced vietnamization American Forces
were gradually reduced.
• 1973 U.S. negotiators in Paris, Henry Kissinger worked out a
cease-fire agreement with the North Vietnamese.
• Nixon agreed to pull out all remaining U.S. troops from
Vietnam and North Vietnam agreed to release American
POW’s
FALL OF SAIGON
• 1975, the remaining of the South Vietnamese Army was
incapable of preventing the advance of the North
Vietnamese.
• April 1975 Saigon finally fell to North Vietnamese forces.
• The Fall of Saigon marked the end of the Vietnam War.
• Soldiers, military officers and those who had supported
American presence in Vietnam were sent to Communist
“Re-Education Camps”
• Faced torture, disease and malnutrition
SOUTH
VIETNAMESE
FLEEING FOR
SAFETY
The Draft
• Draft – in response to an increase of U.S. military presence in
Southeast Asia, the draft was brought back during the war.
26th Amendment
• 26th Amendment – reduced the voting age from 21 to 18.
• This gave the young men being drafted to fight in Vietnam a
way to influence policies that affected them.
Role of the Media
• Role of the media – the media is embedded in Vietnam
providing real-time coverage of the war. Media
coverage contributed to changing public opinions
about the war.
Silent Majority
• Silent majority – term coined by President Nixon to represent
the large number of Americans that were not joining in the
protest movements or speaking out against the war in
Vietnam.
Credibility Gap
• Credibility gap – refers to the public's skepticism over
President Johnson’s administration’s statements and
policies on the Vietnam War
Anti-War Movement
• Anti-war movement – peace movement of the 1960s
advocating the withdrawal of U.S. troops from
Vietnam. These advocates were usually known as “Doves”
while advocates of war were known as “Hawks”.
Tinker v. Des Moines
• 1969, John and Mary Beth Tinker of Des Moines, Iowa, wore
black armbands to their public school as a symbol of protest
against American involvement in the Vietnam War.
• When school authorities asked that the Tinkers remove their
armbands, they refused and were suspended.
• The Supreme Court decided that the Tinkers had the right to
wear the armbands
Tinker v. Des Moines
• Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled
that students had the right to wear armbands to school to
protest the Vietnam War. It defined the constitutional
rights of students (freedom of speech protected by the 1st
Amendment)
• Effects: opened opportunities for interpretation of free speech to
also mean freedom of expression
WARS POWERS
ACT/RESOLUTION
• 1973, set limits on Presidential power in a
conflict without a formal declaration of war by
congress.
• The act requires the President to inform
Congress within 48 hours of sending troops to
fight overseas.
• If within 60 days the Congress does not approve
of the use of these overseas forces the president
must withdraw them.
Closing Task 4-1-16
■You are to complete the introduction to the Cold
War worksheet.
■You may use the Jarrett Book or your cell phone
to look up the answers.
From 1949 to 1960, the Cold War escalated as a result
of a nuclear arms race, space race, & espionage
The U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons ended in 1949
when the USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb
The Soviet development of the atomic bomb led
to a nuclear arms race between the USA & USSR
Fears of a nuclear attack and spread of communism
led to a Red Scare in the late 1940s & 1950s
Americans grew worried
about Communists
& Soviet spies living in
America
The Loyalty Review Board
was created to investigate
& dismiss “disloyal”
government employees
The House Un-American
Activities Committee
(HUAC) investigated
suspected communists
in the entertainment &
other industries
In 1947, numerous Hollywood writers & executives
were investigated by HUAC; 500 were blacklisted from
the film industry & some were sent to prison for
refusing to testify (the “Hollywood Ten”)
Red Scare fears in America were heightened by
the discovery of spies working for the USSR:
State Department
employee Alger Hiss
was convicted of
spying for the USSR
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
were executed for passing
atomic bomb secrets to
the USSR
In 1950, Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy emerged as
the leader of the anti-communist Red Scare
He attacked Truman for
allowing communists to
infiltrate the government
He used public trials
to make unsupported
accusations against
suspected communists in
the State Department &
the U.S. military
“McCarthyism” did not
result in a single
confirmed communist or
spy in the U.S. gov’t
To combat American fears of a nuclear attack, the U.S. government
responded in a number of ways
National and local
governments
prepared citizens
for a Soviet nuclear
attack on the
United States
Citizens built bomb
shelters in their
backyards
Cities and schools
practiced building
evacuations and
“duck & cover” drills
U.S.-Soviet relations changed in 1953 when Stalin died
after 30 years of absolute rule over the Soviet Union
In 1955, Khrushchev
Nikita Khrushchev
formed a communist
took over and began to
alliance to rival NATO,
aggressively challenge
U.S. influence in the world called the Warsaw Pact
In 1956, the Soviet Union
threatened expansion
into the Middle East
President Eisenhower
responded with the
Eisenhower Doctrine,
pledging the USA to
protect the Middle East
from Communism
In 1957, the USSR
launched the first
satellite into space
Sputnik
Sputnik shocked Americans
who feared the U.S. had
fallen behind the USSR in
science & technology
As a result of Sputnik, the Cold War escalated into a
space race to show American & Soviet dominance
The U.S. government reacted to Sputnik by
passing the National Defense Education Act
to promote math, science, and technology
education and to fund university research
In 1958, the USA created
National Aeronautics & Space
Administration (NASA) to
catch up to the USSR
The USSR repeatedly
beat the USA in space
by launching the first
man into orbit &
orbiting the moon
NASA’s original seven NASA
Mercury astronauts
Closing Task 4-4-16
■Match the 18 descriptions to the
appropriate cause or effect on the
wars timeline.
The Beginning
• Fidel Castro starts an uprising against
brutal dictator General Batista
• Americans looked at Castro's
revolution as an attempt to bring
democracy to Cuba
• However, Castro made new
agreements with the U.S.SR and made
Cuba a pro-soviet Communist nation.
Bay of Pigs
•
•
•
•
President Eisenhower approved plan to overthrow Castro
Trained Cuban exiles in U.S. to invade island
When Kennedy became president he agreed to continue the plan.
Exiles were sent back to Cuba to overthrow Castro
– Exiles were quickly defeated by Cuban military.
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Castro and newly elected Soviet Union leader
Khrushchev became aware of U.S.A leading the Bay of
Pigs invasion.
• Castro wanted to protect Cuba.
– Castro began to secretly prepare missiles and nuclear
warheads pointed at U.S.A
Cuban Missile Crisis
• October 1962, President John F. Kennedy warned Soviet leader Nikita
Khrushchev that an attack launched on the United States from missiles
based in Cuba would be considered an attack from the Soviet Union.
• President Kennedy announced a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent
the arrival of any additional Soviet weapons.
• One of the Soviet ships was stopped and boarded.
• Kennedy also threatened to invade Cuba if the offensive missiles were not
withdrawn.
Khrushchev Reaction
• After several days of extreme tension, he
agreed to withdraw the missiles for a
pledge that U.S. would not invade Cuba
• Kennedy also agreed to pull U.S. missiles
out of Turkey
Result of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• In 1963 Kennedy secured a
nuclear test ban treaty with the
Soviets.
• Direct communication between
the White House and the U.S.S.R
was enacted so the nations’
leaders could communicate in
times of crisis.
GI Bill
(Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944)
• The GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944) –
provided federal aid to help veterans adjust to civilian life in
the areas of hospitalization, purchase of homes, businesses,
and education.
• (The Federal Government subsidized tuition, fees, books, and
educational materials for veterans and contributed to living
expenses incurred while attending college or other approved
institutions.)
Baby Boom
• Baby Boom – Time period of high birth rates
• The increase in marriages and prosperity (wealth)
came a demand for housing, highway construction,
new industries, and increased military spending all of
which helped create jobs
Prosperity in the1950’s
• 1950s was a time of prosperity and Americans
were buying homes.
• Builders mass produced homes and made them
available at a lower cost.
From Urban to Suburban Communities
• Urban communities became polluted and unsafe, the trend
was to move away from the city and into suburbs.
– Led to increased traffic (pollution), decrease of green spaces
Effects of Prosperity in the 1950s
• Effects of prosperity in the 1950s
– Increased consumption – in part due to increase in
population and growing middle class with an increased
disposable income combined with an expanding economy
– Growth of agriculture and business – in part due to
increase in population, technological improvements
Medical Advancements
• Penicillin and polio vaccine
• 1953 Polio vaccine created by Jonas Salk