Transcript Imperialism in the 1800s and early 1900s:

COLD WAR
1945-1991
What is a Cold War?
A period of Diplomatic hostility among nations
without direct armed conflict
USSR
USA
Communism Spreads
•
Starting in the 19th century, groups affiliated
with communism gained power throughout
regions of the world.
•
Russia, China, Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba
eventually become communist.
•
(Like democracy spread beginning in the 18th
century.)
Cold War begins
• 1. During the communist revolution in Russia,
the US worked to defeat the communists.
• 2. In WWII, the Soviet army drove the
Germans back across Eastern Europe. Other
Allies raced to beat the Soviet Army to Berlin.
• 3. USSR occupied several countries along its
western border and considered them a
necessary buffer or wall of protection from the
west.
• 4. Stalin installed Communist governments in
Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia.
• 5. Early in 1946 Stalin declared that
communism & capitalism could not exist in the
same world. War between the U.S. & U.S.S.R.
seemed certain.
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron
curtain has descended across the continent.”
• - Winston Churchill March 5, 1946
THE U.S. RESPONSE
1948 - The Truman Doctrine
• A promise made by U.S.
President Truman to
provide military and
economic support to all
countries that rejected
communism
• This policy of stopping
any further spread of
communism became
known as the policy of
“containment”
1947 -The Marshall Plan
What was it?
•A U.S. program of economic aid to European
countries to help them rebuild after WWII.
•Provided food, machines, and
other materials to European
nations to help stabilize Europe.
The Marshall Plan
Which country received the most aid from the United States?
Why would Great Britain and France receive the most aid?
The Marshall Plan
Evaluate the two photos. What significant changes have occurred in the second photo?
SOVIET RESPONSE
BERLIN BLOCKADE
1948- Soviets
closed all road and
rail links to Berlin.
The Western allies
began a massive
airlift to feed the
West Berliners.
How do you Fight a Cold War?
•
Have the threat of force and power – Arms,
technology, & influence
–
•
•
•
NATO (US) & Warsaw Pact (USSR) were the
two main military alliances
Use Propaganda – create hatred and
paranoia of the other side
Send economic aid to weaker nations to
spread influence and gain allies
Support allied nations in conflicts to protect
interests or agitate other side (sponsor wars)
COLD WAR
EVENTS
COMMUNIST CHINA 1949
Mao and the
Communists
founded the People’s
Republic of China
(not recognized by
the US)
KOREAN WAR 1950 - 1953
After World War II Korea was
divided, along the 38th parallel,
into North Korea, occupied
Soviet forces and South Korea
occupied by American forces.
North Korean forces, seeking to
unify the country under
communist rule invaded the south
in 1950. Commanded by General
Douglas MacArthur, UN forces
prevented a northern takeover of
South Korea. An Armistice was
signed in 1953.
1959 - CUBAN REVOLUTION
In 1959 Fidel Castro seized power in
Cuba. He nationalized businesses and
executed opponents, transforming
Cuba into a Communist state.
He threatened to spread Communism
to other Latin American countries.
BAY OF PIGS INVASION 1961
In 1961 U.S. trained Cuban exiles
unsuccessfully invaded Cuba at the Bay
of Pigs.
Berlin Wall 1961
• The East German
Government built a
dividing wall in Berlin
to separate East and
West Berlin.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1962
In 1962 the United States discovered
that Cuba was secretly building bases
to install Soviet missiles with nuclear
warheads. After President Kennedy
ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and
threatened and invasion, Khrushchev
agreed to withdraw the missiles for a
pledge that the U.S. would not invade
Cuba.
VIETNAM WAR 1954-1975
When the French withdrew from
Indochina in 1954, Vietnam was
divided. Ho Chi Minh Founded
Communist North Vietnam, while
South Vietnam established ties to the
West.
Communists known as Vietcong began a
guerrilla war in South Vietnam with
North Vietnamese support.
The U.S. entered the conflict to resist
communism. Although the U.S. had
superior technology, and used 500,000
soldiers it could not defeat the North
Vietnamese (and its aid from USSR).
In 1973 U.S. troops withdrew under the
Paris Peace Accords. In 1975 the
South fell to the North.
ARMS RACE
The United States developed the Atomic Bomb during WWII.
Soviet scientists developed one in 1949.
For 40 years the superpowers spent huge amounts of money to
develop more & more powerful weapons. This raised the
tensions between the two countries. It also raised the fears
among many people that the superpowers might become
involved in a conflict that would destroy the world.
Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What?
HISTORY OF NUCLEAR WARHEAD STOCKPILES -1945-1995
NOTE: Totals are estimates. Lists include strategic and non-strategic warheads, as well
as warheads awaiting dismantling
1945
1955
1965
UNITED STATES
6
3,057
31,265 26,675 22,941 14,766
SOVIET UNION
0
200
6,129 19,443 39,197 27,000
BRITAIN
0
10
310
350
300
300
FRANCE
0
0
32
188
360
485
CHINA
0
0
5
185
425
425
Source: National Resources Defense Council
1975
1985
1995
SPACE RACE
The super
powers also
competed
in space.
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, a satellite, into orbit around the
Earth.
Soon after the United States established NASA. The race was on.
In 1958 the U.S. launched its own first satellite. In 1961, the Soviets sent the
first man into space.
In 1969 the U.S. was the first nation to put a man on the moon. Both the
Soviets and Americans explored the use of satellites for military purposes.
Who won the Cold War?
The U.S.A.!
Beginning in the late 1980s, the Soviet
Union began to fall apart.
 Its satellites and republics became
independent.
 A “new” government took control of
Russia
Why did the U.S. win?
The Soviet Union’s economy suffered
as the government spent money to keep
up with the U.S.
 Lack of freedom and opportunity
within the Soviet Union and Soviet
controlled nations.
 People in the USSR pushed for change.

Positive Results of the Cold War


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The US and USSR competed in space
exploration and military technology which
had some attached results.
The US and USSR kept part of the world
“stable” with their alliances.
Some sectors of the US and USSR gained
economically from Cold War spending.
Alliances with US and USSR gave some
economic benefits to other nationseconomic and military aid
Negative Results of the Cold War




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caused the Red Scare and anti-Americanism
Possibility of nuclear war
Civil wars and other conflicts were made
worse by US and USSR involvement.
The US and USSR supported BAD
governments & leaders who opposed their
rival.
Money spent on the Cold War was money
not spent on US and Soviet problems.