Transcript File - Mr. Collins Class Website

Chapter 18
The Cold War Conflicts
The Cold War 19451991
Cold War Begins
COLD WAR- a non-military battle of diplomacy and
propaganda between the United States and Soviet
Union
Hot War – Conflict between two forces that
involves military forces
Cold War
• Lasted from 1945-1990
• led to “hot” wars around globe
in Korea, Vietnam
- Many of the smaller wars were called proxy
wars because the U.S. and U.S.S.R. never
fought face to face
USA vs. USSR
• USA
• Democracy
• People vote/Political Parties/Individual Freedoms
• Private Ownership
• Small business
• USSR
• Totalitarian Government
• One political party, Limit Religious rights, limit individual rights
• Government Control of Economy
• Government controls all production
• Everyone receives equal amount of wealth, based on needs.
Former Allies Clash/Why cant we be friends?
• Relations Break
• Stalin lost trust in the USA
• Only became ally to defeat Hitler
• USA kept the Atomic Bomb a secret from USSR
• Stalin’s spies steal plans to build A-Bomb
• USA took too long to invade Europe
• D-Day 1944
• Racial Discrimination in USA
• Second “Red Scare”
• United Nations
• UN – World Peace organization
• USA and USSR emerged as world powers
• UN building in NYC
Tension Mounts
• Potsdam Conference
• Big Three – USA, USSR, G.B
• In Yalta – Stalin promised “free elections” in Poland
• Truman wanted to Spread Democracy + Free Trade
• Soviets wanted Germany to pay reparations
• Soviets Tighten Their Grip On Eastern Europe
• Stalin creates Satellite Nations:
• Satellite Nations: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania, and Poland
• Installs Communist rule
• United States Establishes a Policy of
Containment
• What is Containment?
• Prevent communism from spreading to other
countries
• ”Iron Curtain”
• Division of Europe
• East and West Germany
US vs. SOVIET Aims in Europe
after WWII
US wants to…
•Create new world orderdemocracy
Soviets want to…
•Encourage communism in other
countries
•Rebuild its own war-ravaged economy
•Gain access to raw materials using eastern Europe's raw materials
and markets
•Rebuild European gov’ts to
ensure stability
•Reunite Germany
•Control Eastern Europe to balance US
influence in W. Europe
•Keep Germany Divided and weak, so it
would never threaten USSR again
The Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
US & the
Eastern Bloc
Western
Nations
Democracies
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL 
“Containment” of
GOAL  spread
Communism & the
world-wide
eventual collapse of
Communism
the Communist world.
METHODOLOGIES:
 Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
 Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
 Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples
 [Communist govt. & command economy vs.
democratic govt. & capitalist economy]
 Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
Cold War in Europe
• USA and Britain try to prevent
Communism
• Greece and Turkey
• USA emerged as world leader
• The Truman Doctrine
• Help countries who resist
communism
• Containment
• Hmm…Ukraine? Crimea? 2014-2015
• The Marshall Plan
• Lending aid to European countries in
need $
• How did this prevent the spread of
communism?
• Much of Europe was destroyed after
WWI + WW2
Superpowers Struggle over Germany
• Reunifying Germany
• Why doesn’t Stalin want to reunify the
nation?
• Prevents supplies to Berlin
• 2.1 with only limited supplies
• The Berlin Airlift
• American and British forces fly supplies into
Western Berlin
• Increased American prestige around the world
• Soviets lift the blockade
• A new Germany (divided)
• East and West Germany
• Berlin Wall
NATO vs. WARSAW PACT
North Atlantic Treaty Organization:
defense alliance among U.S. and
Europe against the Soviet Union. Still
exists.
Warsaw Pact: Defense alliance among
Soviet Union and its satellite
governments in Eastern Europe.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(1949)
 United States
 Luxemburg
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Britain
 Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 Italy
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
}
U. S. S. R.
}
East Germany
}
Albania
}
Hungary
}
Bulgaria
}
Poland
}
Czechoslovakia
}
Rumania
Chapter 18
Section 2
The Cold War Heats Up
Communists Revolution in China
Korea After World War II
• Korean History
• Japan controlled 1905
• 1945 Yalta Conference
• Japan ordered to give up
Korea
• Allies divide Korea
• North/South 38th parallel
• North – Soviet Union
• Kim IL Sung –
Communism
• South – America
• Syngman Rae- Unite
Korea
North Korea Invades
Domino Theory
The Role of the United Nations
Role of the United Nations
The UN Security Council supported the use of
force in Korea.
5 countries had veto power
The Soviet Union was absent for the vote
Truman sent ground troops to Korea.
June 30th
US NEVER DECLARED WAR
Douglas MacArthur
15 nations – 40,000 troops
The United States Fights in Korea
• MacArthur’s Counterattack
• Why attack Inchon?
• The Chinese Fight Back
• Help N. Korea
• MacArthur Recommends Attacking China
• Should the U.S. use Nuclear Weapons?
• Soviet Alliance
• MacArthur Versus Truman
• Truman fires MacArthur
• Settling for Stalemate – Re-establishing old
boundaries.
• 38th Parallel
General MacArthur
• MacArthur said that the UN faced a choice between defeat by
the Chinese or a major war with them.
• He wanted to expand the war by bombing the Chinese mainland,
perhaps even with atomic weapons.
Questions
• Why was the Korean War
nicknamed the “Forgotten War”?
• Explain how the settlement to
end the Korean War has impacted
politics today?
Chapter 18
Section 3
The Cold War at Home
Question
•Summarize the story The
Crucible
•Define McCarthyism
•How is the drama The Crucible
an allegory for McCarthyism?
Growing Fear of Communism
• Tension
• Soviets have atomic bomb
• Stole plans from US
• 1949 USA intercepts radio signals
• Truman seeks to strengthen
military
• H-Bomb, Planes
• Arms Race
• Communist Party of America
• 100,000 members
• 2nd Red Scare
Fear of Communist Influence
• Truman combats home grown communism
• Loyalty Review Board
• Investigate Government employees (3.2 Million)
• Dismissals and resignations
• Millions investigated, hundreds resign, thousands quit
• The House Un-American Activities
Committee
• Propaganda in films
• Thought pro soviet messages were in the films
• Walt Disney/Ronald Reagan
• Hollywood Ten
• Did not testify, unconstitutional
• Arrested for 1 year
• Blacklist
• How did getting blacklisted affect people in
government and entertainment?
McCarran Act
• McCarran Internal Security Act (1950):
unlawful to plan any action that might
lead to the establishment of a totalitarian
dictatorship in the U.S.
• “Arrest and detain suspicious and
questionable people that could threaten the
USA.”
1. Truman vetoed the bill, but
Congress overrode his veto
Spy Cases Stun the Nation
• Fear of Communism lead to Spy Cases
• Alger Hiss
• former Communist spy named Whittaker Chambers accused Alger
Hiss of spying for the S.U.
• Government official
• Accused of supporting communism
• Denied the charges
• Hiss was charged with lying under oath and served years in
prison
• Klaus Fuchs
• German born scientist, Manhattan project
• Gave secrets to Soviet Union
• Rosenberg's
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
• Accused of giving atomic secrets to soviets
• Refused to answer questions
• Sentenced to death
• Electric Chair
• In 1997, the Soviets released info verifying that Julies was a
spy, but their was no proof that he turned over info related
to the bomb
McCarthy Launches His
“Witch Hunt”
Joseph McCarthy
• US Senator
• Played American’s fear to gain
reelection
• McCarthy’s Tactics
• McCarthyism
• Anti-Communist accusations
• Unfounded accusations
• Claimed list of hundreds that had USSR
ties that worked in the State
Department
• False Claims
• Movement is going to fade
• Too many false claims/destroyed people’s
character
Chapter 18
Section 4
Two Nations Live on the Edge
Atomic Anxiety
• Atomic Weapons
• Future of Warfare
• Testing sites: New Mexico, Nevada,
Colorado, Mississippi, and Alaska
• Hydrogen Bomb
• Fusion of atoms
• Energy of Sun and Stars
• 100x more powerful than A-Bomb
• Test in 1952
• Island vanished
• Soviets Test H-Bomb
• Aug 1953
• Arms Race
• Nuclear weapons > soldiers
• B-52 Planes
Nuclear Technology
Brinkmanship Rules U.S Policy
• The Policy of Brinkmanship
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• John Foster Dulles
• Brinkmanship
• the U.S. promising to use all of its
force, including nuclear weapons
against aggressor nations like the S.U.
• US would increase spending on
airforce
Nuclear Fears
Federal Civil Defense Administration
• The Truman administration created the
Federal Civil Defense Administration
(FCDA) to help educate and prepare the
public for nuclear emergencies
• Citizens ready to handle a crisis
• “back yard may be the next front line”
The Cold War Spreads Around the
World
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
• KGB – USSR Spy organization
• The Warsaw Pact
• In response to NATO and West
Germany
• The Eisenhower Doctrine
• US would offer military assistance to
aid countries in the Middle East
• Resist Communism
• Joined SEATO
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(SEATO), 1954.
The Cold War Takes to the Skies
• Nikita Khrushchev
• Stalin’s successor
• The Space Race
• USSR vs. USA
• USSR -Sputnik, on Oct 4, 1957
• Power from Sputnik could be used to
launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles.
• (ICBMs)
• Sputnik II – carried a dog
• National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA-1958):
• established to counter the Soviet successes in
space
• Explorer I (1958): USA Satellite
Spying
• U-2 Spy plane
• Francis Gary Power: a U-2 pilot that was shot down over
Soviet territory
•
Mach 1 = 761.2 mph and flies at 70,000 ft or higher
• The U.S. gov’t knew the plane was shot down, but had
know idea Power was alive and captured
• Eisenhower said the U-2 Spy plane was a weather pane
• Soviets present Power on live TV
• Sentenced to 10 years in prison for spying.
Khrushchev demanded that Eisenhower end the spy
missions & apologize
• b. Eisenhower stopped the spy missions, but did not
apologize (the 1960 meeting was cancelled)