Transcript American Foreign Policy in Latin America

America Comes of Age (1890-1920)
Lesson 7 The United States Emerges as a World Power
America Comes of Age (1890-1920)
Lesson 7 The United States Emerges as a World Power
Learning Objectives
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Analyze how economic concerns influenced the Open Door Policy and U.S. relations with
Japan.
Examine what happened to Puerto Rico and Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
Analyze the effects of Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy and Taft’s “dollar diplomacy.”
Compare Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” with the foreign policies of his predecessors.
America Comes of Age (1890-1920)
Lesson 7 The United States Emerges as a World Power
Key Terms
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spheres of influence
John Hay
Boxer Rebellion
Open Door Policy
Russo-Japanese War
“Gentlemen’s Agreement”
Great White Fleet
Foraker Act
Platt Amendment
“big stick” diplomacy
Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary
“dollar diplomacy.”
“moral diplomacy”
Francisco “Pancho” Villa
U.S. Trade and Intervention in China
As the United States emerged as a world power following the Spanish-American War, American
leaders looked to strengthen economic and military interests in Latin America and East Asia. In East
Asia, American leaders devised policies to open China and other Asian markets to U.S. producers.
Meanwhile, Americans called for a more substantial role in Latin America, viewing the region as the
nation's backyard. Increasing influence in both regions brought economic benefits, but also increased
international tensions.
US Trade and Intervention in China
 Spheres of influence – European powers (and Japan) had
carved China into zones that only they could trade with.
 John Hay – US Secretary of State, wanted equal trading
rights for US in China.
 The Chinese did not like Western Powers so the Righteous
and Harmonious Fists (Boxers) rebelled
 Boxer Rebellion – over 20,000 foreign troops (2,000 US)
put down a Chinese rebellion in 1900.
 1911 they would overthrow the Emperor
 Open Door Policy – US wanted equal trading privileges
when trading with China.
U.S. Trade and Intervention in China
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A Call for Equality in Commerce
The U.S. Intervenes in the Boxer Rebellion
The Open Door Policy
U.S. Trade and Intervention in China
Analyze Maps What can you conclude about the influence of the United States in China during the early twentieth
century?
U.S. Trade and Intervention in China
These U.S. troops in Beijing, China, were part of a multinational force deployed to put down the Boxer Rebellion in
1900.
Roosevelt Works With Japan
Like the United States, Japan wanted to expand its influence in China. Japan also disapproved of the
European “carve-up” of the region. Furthermore, the Japanese took offense to the presence of
Russian troops in Manchuria, a region of China that bordered Russia. In February 1904, without a
declaration of war, Japan attacked and bottled up Russia’s Pacific fleet stationed at Port Arthur, China.
The Japanese followed up on this victory with a series of major land engagements in Manchuria that
caused more than 100,000 Russian casualties. However, Japan also suffered heavy losses in the
fighting.
Roosevelt Works With Japan
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Resolving the Russo-Japanese War
Racial Prejudice Affects Foreign Relations
The Great White Fleet Shows Naval Power
Roosevelt works with Japan
 Japan attacks Russian troops in Manchuria (part of China)
because they want to trade their as well
 Japanese and Russians meet in Portsmouth New Hampshire
to end war. Teddy helps out and wins the Nobel Peace prize.
 California starts segregating Asians in school, Teddy
intervenes and gets schools to end segregation and in return
gets Asian countries to limit immigration
 Gentlemen’s Agreement
Great White Fleet
 Roosevelt a student of Mahan and wants a big powerful fleet
 1907, Roosevelt sends 16 battleships on a 2 year world tour
to all major ports on a “good will cruise”.
 Ships painted white for peace.
 Congress would only pay for half of voyage, TR sent them
anyway.
Roosevelt Works With Japan
The onset of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 provided the United States with an opportunity to increase its role in
international affairs by helping to negotiate a peace settlement between Russia and Japan.
American Foreign Policy in Latin America
As the United States tentatively asserted its interests in East Asia, Americans called for a more
aggressive role in Latin America. American entrepreneurs and government leaders wanted the region
to be a sphere of influence from which other great powers were excluded. American influence in
Latin America brought obvious benefits to the United States, but it also contributed to anti-American
hostility and instability in the region.
American Foreign Policy in Latin America
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Foreign Policy Decisions in Puerto Rico
Relations with Cuba
American Foreign Policy in Latin
America
 Puerto Rico and Cuba?
 Foraker Act – gave Puerto Rico a civil government
 If Cuba wanted US troops gone, they would have to sign the
Platt Amendment
 Platt Amendment
 1) Cuba had to get permission to sign foreign treaties
 2) US got naval bases (Guantanamo bay)
 3) US had “right to intervene”
 Cuba a protectorate of the US.
American Foreign Policy in Latin America
Analyze Maps Describe U.S. foreign policy towards Latin America in the early 1900s.
American Foreign Policy in Latin America
Uncle Sam serves a slice of “reciprocity,” a reference to a treaty guaranteeing Cuban access to U.S. economic
markets. Analyze Political Cartoons What does this cartoon suggest about U.S.-Cuba relations?
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
Upon assuming the presidency after McKinley’s assassination, Theodore Roosevelt promoted a new
kind of diplomacy based on America’s success in the Spanish-American War. Beyond determining
what would happen to Puerto Rico and Cuba, Roosevelt developed a broader policy for U.S. action
in Latin America. Historians have called this Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy since it depended on a
strong military to achieve America’s goals. “Big stick” stemmed from the President’s admiration for an
old African saying, “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
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Physical and Human Geographic Factors Impact the Panama Canal
American Expansionism Requires an Updated Monroe Doctrine
The Latin American Response
Taft's Foreign Policies Lead to “Dollar Diplomacy”
Big Stick Diplomacy
 “speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far” – African saying
– big stick was US military intervention (navy).
 Help weaker nations to “civilize” them
 Time for US to accept the challenge of international leadership.
 Roosevelt Corollary – to the Monroe Doctrine. US would assume
the role of Police Power in Latin America.
 Latin America not thrilled
 Dollar Diplomacy –Taft wanted to substitute dollars for bullets.
Less aggressive then TR, but did use military.
 Invest in other countries
 Plantations, mines, oil wells, railways
 Did send troops to Nicaragua
The Panama Canal
 French tried to build canal in Panama – failed
 US bought rights but couldn’t get Colombia to allow it
(Panama part of Colombia)
 Roosevelt sent his big stick (navy) to support a Rebellion
 Paid Panama $10 mil and annual with $250,000 for canal rights
 Took 14 years to build
 6 months ahead of schedule and under budget
 Raised route 85 feet over see level
 TR actually visited the construction
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
A 1904 cartoon critiques American policy in Latin America, with Roosevelt astride the Caribbean Sea toting his
proverbial 'big stick.'
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
Analyze Maps How did the construction of the Panama Canal benefit long-distance shippers?
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
Analyze Information How did U.S. involvement in Latin American economies illustrate 'dollar diplomacy'?
Wilson's “Moral Diplomacy”
During the 1912 presidential election campaign, Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson criticized
the foreign policies of his Republican predecessors Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft.
After his election victory, Wilson appointed the anti-imperialist William Jennings Bryan as Secretary
of State, which sent a strong message to the American people.
Wilson's “Moral Diplomacy”
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A New Emphasis on Foreign Policy
Revolution Grips Mexico
Intervention in Mexico
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
 Wilson wins as Taft and TR split Republican party.
 “never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest”
 Moral diplomacy – support human rights, national integrity and
opportunity
 Sent troops to occupy Haiti until 1934 (keep Europe out – owed money)
 Sent troops to Dominican Republic and Mexico
 Wilson intervened in Mexico to get Venustiano Carranza to be President
 Francicso “Pancho” Villa – revolted in Mexico – in 1916 he invaded US and
killed 18 Americans in Columbus.
 Wilson sent John Pershing and 10,000 troops to catch Villa – never got him
(Patton)
 Left to go to Europe in WWI and would lead 1 million troops in Europe
Wilson's “Moral Diplomacy”
Contrast How did Roosevelt and Wilson differ in their approach to governing colonial territories?
Wilson's “Moral Diplomacy”
U.S. troops in Haiti, here guarding a group of prisoners, invaded in 1915 and remained in the nation for nearly 20
years.
Quiz: U.S. Trade and Intervention in China
What motivated the Righteous and Harmonious Fists to begin the Boxer Rebellion?
A. the growing influence of outsiders in China
B. the lack of a Chinese sphere of influence in Britain
C. American attempts to establish colonies in China
D. the absence of trade with the West
Quiz: Roosevelt Works With Japan
Why did Theodore Roosevelt receive a Nobel Peace Prize?
A. for convincing China to adopt an Open Door Policy
B. for reducing Japan’s anger via the Gentlemen’s Agreement
C. for negotiating a peace treaty during the Russo-Japanese War
D. for establishing Chinese territories for European trade markets
Quiz: American Foreign Policy in Latin America
What happened as a result of the Foraker Act?
A. Puerto Rico was officially annexed to the United States.
B. The United States granted U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Ricans.
C. Puerto Rico defended its right to establish its own government.
D. The United States established a civil government in Puerto Rico.
Quiz: “Big Stick” Diplomacy
Why did the United States support the Panamanian rebellion against Columbia?
A. It wanted to build a canal through Panama.
B. It wanted access to raw materials in Panama.
C. It wanted to divide Colombia for trade purposes.
D. It wanted to weaken Colombia’s power in the region.
Quiz: Wilson's “Moral Diplomacy”
Which foreign policy did President Wilson promise to employ for Latin America?
A. “dollar diplomacy”
B. “moral diplomacy”
C. “big stick diplomacy”
D. “open door diplomacy”