Transcript World War I
Good Morning! Please pick up the orange book ◦ Please turn to page 61 ◦ Answer questions 18-23 devotion to one’s country ideas changed about what a nation is – only 1 ethnic group greatness = industry, trade, & having an overseas empire leads to competition for lands glorification of the military nations began increasing size of their armies & stockpiling weapons (especially Germany) In response, Britain started doing the same thing Triple Alliance Austria-Hungary Germany Italy Triple Entente France Russia Great Britain • encouraged war because if a country did declare war, allies could help them fight Europe in 1914 June 28, 1914 Archduke of Austria-Hungary Francis Ferdinand & wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist He believed Bosnia should belong to Serbia Central Powers Austria-Hungary Germany Allied Powers France Russia Great Britain Serbia • Germans moved through Belgium & into France • The French & British stopped them at Marne River – result: stalemate (stand still) 1914 – 1/3 of Americans foreign born; still had relatives in Europe & supported “home” country Most sided w/ Great Britain & France Reports of German brutality when invading Belgium turned American opinion against Germany British navy blockaded German ports - initially only weapons, war articles (contraband), later almost all good (food) Not allowed by international law Germany responded by sinking Allied ships using U-boats - submarines German U-boats (submarines) Role: President Wilson’s Advisors - “War Board” Mission: After each news update, your group must decide whether to declare war on Germany or continue negotiating. Wilson’s goal: neutrality; wants peace in the country & world 128 Americans died A.Wilson begins preparing for war by expanding the army and building more war ships B.Wilson’s 1916 re-election campaign slogan is “He kept us out of war” German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman Telegram sent to Mexico asking Mexico to declare war on the U.S. German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman sent telegram to Mexico with this proposal: ◦ Mexico should declare war on the U.S. if they declare war on Germany ◦ In return, if Germany won war, they would give Mexico back Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona (lands lost in Mexican-American War) ◦ Mexico declined the proposal, but when Germany again announced unrestricted submarine warfare against Great Britain, the U.S. declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917 Why did war break out in Europe? ◦ Provide at least 2 reasons Why did the United States enter World War I? ◦ Provide at least 2 reasons Chapter 19, Section 2 Bernard Baruch Herbert Hoover George Creel Selective Service Act – Bernard Baruch & War Industries Board (WIB) – Herbert Hoover & Food Administration – George Creel & Committee on Public Information (CPI) – ◦ passed by Congress in 1917; authorized draft of men for military service; 2.8 million drafted, 4.8 million served ◦ determined what products were made, where they went, and how much they would cost ◦ set prices high for food = farmers produced more; encouraged Americans to conserve food ◦ encouraged Americans to support the war; used posters/press Draft – ◦ some believed the draft was an illegal intrusion into their lives & refused to cooperate with the Selective Service process Conscientious objectors – ◦ people whose moral or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in wars; often treated badly Women – ◦ Women’s Peace Party (Jane Addams) & Women’s ◦ International League for Peace & Freedom Government Responses: ◦ Espionage Act (1917) - severe penalties for anyone involved in disloyal or treasonable activities or interfering with the war effort ◦ Sedition Act (1918) – illegal to use disloyal or abusive language about American government, Constitution, or military; Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs (ARU) imprisoned for anti-war speech German Americans – ◦ faced prejudice & sometimes violence Women – ◦ won right to vote; moved into the workforce to replace men who were fighting; served as nurses African Americans – ◦ fought in segregated units under white officers; Great Migration – 1.2 million moved from the rural South to the industrial North to escape racism & find better jobs Mexican Americans – ◦ crossed the border to work on ranches in Texas & along ◦ Pacific Coast Chapter 19, Section 3 April 1917 – America declares war on Germany & joins the Allies in World War I June 1917 – small numbers of American forces arrive in Europe ◦ General John J. Pershing, commander of American forces in Europe John J. Pershing Early 1918 – large numbers of American troops arrive November 1918 – Germany surrenders & World War I ends One of America’s greatest war heroes was Alvin York of Tennessee – earned a Congressional Medal of Honor "I was worried clean through. I didn't want to go and kill. I believed in my bible." American troops called “doughboys” Machine Guns could fire 600 bullets per minute Gases could kill, blind, or burn their victims Planes were used for reconnaissance, bombing, and fighting Aerial view of opposing trench lines between Loos and Hulluch, July 1917. German trenches at the right and bottom, British at the topleft. An infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions. In the trenches men stood for hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. The feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. Both sides tried to develop vehicles that could go over the rough ground and barbed-wire barricades of no man’s land, with limited success Fourteen Points - Wilson’s list of terms for resolving WWI and future wars Key ideas: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ “peace without victory” open diplomacy freedom of seas and free trade move toward ending colonialism self-determination League of Nations Other Allied leaders did not agree with Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Treaty of Versailles: ◦ Germany had to make reparations ◦ open diplomacy was not addressed ◦ failed to guarantee freedom of seas & free trade ◦ Middle East, Asia, and Africa were not allowed to practice self-determination ◦ League of Nations was created as part of the treaty Senate’s issues with the Treaty of Versailles: ◦ concerned about the League of Nations ◦ afraid the treaty could lead the U.S. into a war without the consent of Congress The United States did NOT ratify the treaty to join the League of Nations. U.S. foreign policy after rejecting the treaty – isolationism