Transcript SS8h5 ppt

SS8H5a
Explain the establishment of
the University of Georgia,
Louisville, and the spread of
Baptist and Methodist
churches.
Concept:
Individuals – Groups - Institutions
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
• Established on January 27, 1785
• Georgia’s legislature (General Assembly) set aside
40,000 acres of land for UGA.
• Abraham Baldwin was selected to write the charter
for the university-1st President of UGA
• The original land grant was sold and the school was
built in 1801 in Athens on land donated by Gov. John
Milledge
• The first college in UGA was Franklin College-1806
• UGA was the first public land grant university in
American history
LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA
• Georgia has had five capital cities (SALMA)
– Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, Atlanta
• Savannah was the first capital because it was the 1st permanent
settlement in Georgia. Augusta became the 2nd capital but it was
located too far east. So, in 1786, the Georgia legislature decided to
build a new city that would serve as the 3rd capital of Georgia and
would be centrally located for citizens to travel there.
• State legislature hoped that the town would also serve as a
trading center due to its location on the Ogeechee River.
• The city was named after King Louis XVI of France for his help
in America’s Revolutionary War.
• Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records.
SPREAD OF RELIGION IN GEORGIA
• Prior to the Revolution, most Georgians had been members of the
official Church of England (Anglican Church)
• The Methodist and Baptist denominations (branching off of the
Protestant branch) were small at the time.
• 2nd Great Awakening help the Methodist and Baptist churches
grow in numbers and spread across the southeast United
States. Known as the Bible Belt
– Two largest Christian denominations in GA.
• John Wesley was the founder of the Methodist Church
• One of the first African American churches in U.S. history, was
established in Savannah in 1788.
• Both the Baptist and Methodist used “revivals” and camp
meetings to help increase their membership.
THE BIBLE BELT
The Bible Belt is an informal term for a
region in the south-eastern and southcentral United States in which socially
conservative evangelical Protestantism is a
significant part of the culture and Christian
church attendance across the
denominations is generally higher than the
nation's average.
SS8H5b
Evaluate the impact of land
policies pursued by Georgia;
include the headright system,
land lotteries, and the Yazoo
land fraud.
Concepts:
Movement / Migration
Rule of Law
Conflict and Change
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
• To attract settlers and economic development in 1803
Georgia, provided land to Georgians east of the Oconee
River.
• Each white male counted as a “head” of a family and had
the “right” to receive anywhere from 200 – 1,000 acres of
land plus 50 acres per family member Including slaves.
• Farmers and ranchers were able to start up their
business
• 1782 – most of the land was given to Revolutionary War
veterans for their service
• Massive immigration to Georgia
INDIAN LAND
CESSIONS
MEANT THAT
CREEK AND
CHEROKEE
INDIANS IN
GEORGIA GAVE
UP THEIR LAND
IN EXCHANGE
FOR MONEY
OR TRADING
RIGHTS /
PRIVILEGES
THE RESULT IS
MORE
WESTWARD
EXPANSION OF
SETTLERS
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
• Four land companies bribed the governor of Georgia
James Matthews and the General Assembly (legislature)
to pass a bill allowing them to buy large tracts of land
near the Yazoo River in Mississippi.
• The companies bought up to 50 million acres of land for
only 1 ½ cents per acre ($500,000). The companies
would then sell the land at much higher prices and share
the profits with the legislators.
• When Georgia citizens found out they protested and the
legislators were voted out of office.
• Senator James Jackson resigned from the U.S. Senate
to return to Georgia Gen. Assembly
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
• The US government solved the scandal by forcing
Georgia to cede (give up) the lands west of the
Chattahoochee River in exchange for $1.25 million
dollars and a promise to help remove Creek and
Cherokee Indians from the Georgia territories.
• Yazoo Act was repealed in 1796
• Copies of the Yazoo Act were burned on the steps of the
capital in Louisville.
• Yazoo Territory became the states of AL. and MS.
• The Yazoo Land Fraud is a reason why Georgia’s
western border is shaped the way it is today.
BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE CAPITOL
BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796
LAND LOTTERY
WHAT: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE LANDS THAT
WERE ONCE OCCUPIED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE
INDIANS. TICKETS PLACED IN TWO DRUMS, ONE WITH
NAMES FOR EACH LOT AND OTHER WITH THE PERSON’S
NAME. TICKET SELECTED FROM DRUM MATCHED TO
NAME OF PERSON FROM OTHER DRUM.
WHO: WHITE MALES, ORPHANS, AND WIDOWS ALLOWED
TO PARTICIPATE. DEPENDING ON AGE, WAR SERVICE,
MARITAL STATUS, AND YEARS OF RESIDENCY IN THE
STATE YOU COULD RECEIVE MORE TICKETS, OR
CHANCES.
WHEN: 1805-1833
WHERE: LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER THAT WERE
VACATED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS FROM
LAND TREATIES AND THE OCONEE WAR AND WAR OF
1812. 3/4TH OF STATE LAND WAS GIVEN TO OVER
100,000 FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS
WHY: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE IN LANDS
VACATED BY CREEKS AND CHEROKEES IN ORDER TO
CREATE COTTON AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS
LAND LOTTERY
NOTICE THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS IN GEORGIA FROM
1733-1835. LANDS EAST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED
BECAUSE OF THE HEADRIGHT SYSTEM LAND POLICY. LANDS WEST OF
THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED FROM THE LAND LOTTERY.
OCONEE
RIVER
HEADRIGHT
SYSTEM
1782-1795
LAND
LOTTERY
1805-1833
What impact did the headright system, land
lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
• Land east of
Oconee River.
• White male
“head” of a family
had “right” to 200
– 1,000 acres of
land.
• Farmers and
ranchers begin
businesses
• 1782 – most land
given to
Revolutionary
War veterans for
their service
• Massive
immigration to
GA.
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
•
•
•
•
Land companies
bribed GA
government to buy
land near Yazoo
River
Sold land and shared
profits with
legislators.
Citizens protested
and legislators voted
out of office.
US government
forced Georgia to
cede (give up) lands
west of
Chattahoochee River
forming Georgia’s
western border.
LAND LOTTERY
•
•
•
•
•
1805-1833 land
west of Oconee
River
Given to citizens
after removal of
Creeks and
Cherokees.
White males,
orphans, and
widows received
land.
Power and wealth
for more people
Agricultural
economy tobacco and
cotton
plantations
SS8H5c
Explain how technological
developments, including the
cotton gin and railroads, had
an impact on Georgia’s
growth.
Concepts:
Technological Innovation
Location
How did the cotton gin and railroads
impact Georgia’s growth?
COTTON GIN
RAILROAD
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
THE COTTON GIN
COTTON GIN
The modern cotton gin, first patented by
Massachusetts native Eli Whitney while visiting
in Georgia in 1793.
A simple machine that separates cotton fibers
from the seeds.
Its invention quickly transformed the course of
agriculture in the Deep South.
Almost overnight, cotton became the dominant
crop in the south and GA. was the nation largest
producer.
Unfortunately, more cotton meant more
plantations, and more plantations meant a
greater dependence on slavery.
-
COTTON GIN
A direct result of this growth was an expansion of
slavery. While the cotton gin reduced the amount of
labor required to remove the seeds from the plant, it
did not reduce the number of slaves needed to grow
and pick the cotton. Although the percentage of
slave population to total population remained
virtually unchanged from 1790 until 1860, the
number of slaves in the South increased
dramatically. By the end of the antebellum era
Georgia had more slaves and slaveholders than any
state in the Lower South.
How did the invention of the cotton
gin affect Southern life?
Answer: FOCUS ON AGRICULTURE, PLANTERS
DEMANDED MORE LAND TO GROW COTTON, and
AN INCREASE IN SLAVERY, and RACISM.
ELI WHITNEY
• Invented the
cotton gin in
1795.
Unintentionally,
his invention
would create
more of a
dependency on
slavery in the
South.
SS8H5c
Explain how technological
developments, including the
cotton gin and railroads, had
an impact on Georgia’s
growth.
Concepts:
Technological Innovation
Location
GEORGIA RAILROAD
• Transportation by wagon, flatboat and steamboat was
slow and expensive.
• 1834-workers began building the GA. railroad which was
to extend from Athens to Augusta.
– By 1860 there were over 1200 miles of railroad in GA.
• 1838-General Assembly passed a law creating the
Western and Atlantic Railroad (W&A)
• W&A RR began in the north in Ross Landing near
Chattanooga and ended in the south at a small railroad
called Terminus
• 1843-Name of Terminus was changed to Marthasville
after the daughter of Gov. Wilson Lumpkin, a key figure
in the creation of the W&A RR.
• 1845-Changed the name Terminus to Atlanta
• Atlanta becomes the transportation hub of the southeast
GEORGIA RAILROAD
Atlanta owes its origins to two important
developments in the 1830s: the forcible
removal of Native Americans (Creeks and
Cherokees) from northwest Georgia and
the extension of railroad lines into the
state's interior. Both of these actions
sparked increased settlement and
development in the upper Piedmont
section of the state and led to Atlanta's
founding.
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
How did the cotton gin and railroads
impact Georgia’s growth?
COTTON GIN
• Machine that separated
the cotton fibers from
the seeds.
• Increased cotton
production
• Made economy of the
south more agricultural
• Led to more cotton
plantations - King
Cotton
• Led to more westward
expansion
• Led to an increase in
slavery
RAILROAD
• 1837 the city of Terminus
is built (later named
Atlanta)
• Atlanta becomes a
transportation hub in the
southeast
• Railroad transports
Georgia agricultural
products to the Midwest
and Atlantic coast
SS8H5d
Analyze the events that led to the removal
of Creeks and Cherokees; include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William
McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross,
Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v.
Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall,
and the Trail of Tears.
Concepts:
Individuals – Groups – Institutions
Rule of Law
Movement / Migration


One of the most tragic events in Georgia’s history was the
removal of the Creek and Cherokee tribes from the state,
culminating with the Trail of Tears, where over 4000
Cherokees died on a forced march from Georgia to
Oklahoma.
Events that led to the Removal of Indians in GA.






Treaty of New York in 1790
Treaty of Indian Springs
Red Stick War
Treaty of New Echota
Gold Rush in Dahlonega
Indian Removal Act of 1830
What role did Alexander McGillivray and
William McIntosh play in the removal of
Creek Indians in Georgia?
Alexander McGillivray
Protected Creek lands
from white settlers
Attacked white settlers
during Oconee War.
Signed 1790 Treaty of
New York. US gov’t
promised to protect
Creek lands west of
Oconee River.
Creeks leave lands east
of Oconee River, leads
to Headright land
distribution
William McIntosh
Both were
bi-racial
Creek
Indian
Chiefs
with a
European
descent
father and
Creek
mother
Supported Georgia and
US gov’t to gain land
from Creeks
Profited from treaties by
gaining land for himself
Signed the 1825 Treaty
of Indian Springs – gave
up all of Creek lands
without permission of
other Creek Chiefs.
Was killed by Creek
Indians for betraying the
Creek Nation
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
A controversial Creek
Indian leader in the
1780s and 1790s,
Alexander McGillivray
was one of many
Southeastern Indians
with a Native American
mother and European
father.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
After the Revolution,
McGillivray used his growing
influence within Creek
society to resist Georgia's
attempt to confiscate three
million acres of land and to
otherwise protect what he
viewed as the sovereign
rights of the Creek people.
Oconee war led to removal
of Creeks west of Oconee
River. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
The Yazoo land grants by Georgia
and the federal government's desire
to take control of Indian affairs led
to U.S. president George
Washington's signing of the 1790
Treaty of New York, in which the
United States promised to defend
Creek territorial rights. This treaty
created a formal relationship
between the United States and the
Creek Nation and affirmed
McGillivray's position as a
legitimate national leader.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
WILLIAM McINTOSH
William McIntosh Jr., also known
as Tustunnuggee Hutkee ("White
Warrior"), was born around 1778 in
the Lower Creek town of Coweta to
Captain William McIntosh, a
Scotsman of Savannah, and
Senoya, a Creek woman of the
Wind Clan. He was raised among
the Creeks, but he spent enough
time in Savannah to become fluent
in English and to be able to move
comfortably within both Indian and
white societies.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
WILLIAM McINTOSH
William McIntosh was a
controversial chief of the
Lower Creeks in earlynineteenth-century Georgia.
His general support of the
United States and its efforts
to obtain cessions of Creek
territory alienated him from
many Creeks who opposed
white encroachment on
Indian land.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
WILLIAM McINTOSH
McIntosh's participation in the 1825
Treaty of Indian Springs (signed away
all Creek lands) cost him his life.
According to a Creek law that McIntosh
himself had supported, a sentence of
execution awaited any Creek leader
who ceded land to the United States
without the full assent of the entire
Creek Nation. Just before dawn on April
30, 1825, 200 Creek warriors, attacked
McIntosh to carry out the sentence.
They set fire to his home, and shot and
stabbed to death McIntosh. - NEW GEORGIA
ENCYCLOPEDIA
What role did Alexander McGillivray and
William McIntosh play in the removal of
Creek Indians in Georgia?
William McIntosh
Alexander McGillivray
Protected Creek lands
from white settlers
Attacked white settlers
during Oconee War.
Signed 1790 Treaty of
New York. US gov’t
promised to protect
Creek lands west of
Oconee River.
Creeks leave lands east
of Oconee River, leads
to Headright land
distribution
Both were
bi-racial
Creek
Indian
Chiefs
with a
European
descent
father and
Creek
mother
Supported Georgia and
US gov’t to gain land
from Creeks
Profited from treaties by
gaining land for himself
Signed the 1825 Treaty
of Indian Springs – gave
up all of Creek lands
without permission of
other Creek Chiefs.
Was killed by Creek
Indians for betraying the
Creek Nation
In 1825 cousins William McIntosh, a Creek leader, and George Troup, the
governor of Georgia, signed the Treaty of Indian Springs, which authorized
the sale of Creek lands in the state to the federal government. McIntosh was
murdered shortly thereafter by angry members of the Creek Nation.
SS8H5d
Analyze the events that led to the removal
of Creeks and Cherokees; include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William
McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross,
Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v.
Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall,
and the Trail of Tears.
Concepts:
Individuals – Groups – Institutions
Rule of Law
Movement / Migration
What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play
in the history of Cherokees in Georgia?
SEQUOYAH
JOHN ROSS
SEQUOYAH
Sequoyah (George Gist)was the
legendary creator of the
Cherokee syllabary. Impressed
by the whites' ability to
communicate over distances by
writing, Sequoyah invented a
system of eighty-four to eightysix characters that represented
syllables in spoken Cherokee
(hence it is a syllabary, not an
alphabet). - New Georgia Encyclopedia
SEQUOYAH
It is fact that the syllabary was used to
create the Cherokee Phoenix
newspaper, published in New Echota,
Georgia (then the capital of the eastern
Cherokees), from 1828 to 1834.
What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play
in the history of Cherokees in Georgia?
SEQUOYAH
• Created the
Cherokee syllabary
(1st Native American
written language)
• Cherokees tried to
live more like whites
to be accepted
• His syllabary helped
create the Cherokee
Phoenix newspaper
JOHN ROSS
JOHN ROSS
John Ross became chief of the
Cherokee Nation in 1827, following
the establishment of a government
modeled on that of the United
States. The Indian Removal Bill passed by
Congress in 1830 provided legal authority to begin
Ross's fight
against the 1832 Georgia
lottery, designed to give away
Cherokee lands, was the first
of many political battles. - New
the removal process.
Georgia Encyclopedia
JOHN ROSS
Accompanying his people on the
"trail where they cried,"
commonly known as the Trail of
Tears, Ross experienced
personal tragedy. His wife died of
exposure after giving her only
blanket to a sick child. Once in
Indian Territory, Ross led the
effort to establish farms,
businesses, schools, and even
colleges. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play
in the history of Cherokees in Georgia?
SEQUOYAH
• Created the
Cherokee syllabary
(1st Native American
written language)
• Cherokees tried to
live more like whites
to be accepted
• His syllabary helped
create the Cherokee
Phoenix newspaper
JOHN ROSS
• 1828 - Chief of
Cherokees
• Modeled the Cherokee
Nation government
after the US
government
• Tried to protect
Cherokee lands
• Protested Georgia’s
land lottery and Indian
Removal Act
• Survived the Trail of
Tears
What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in
the removal of Cherokees in Georgia?
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
• The Great Intrusion
• By late 1829 north Georgia, known at
the time as the Cherokee Nation, was
flooded by thousands of prospectors
lusting for gold. Niles' Register
reported in the spring of 1830 that
there were four thousand miners
working along Yahoola Creek alone.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
EFFECTS OF THE
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
Between 1805 and 1832 the state of Georgia
held lotteries to distribute land seized from
the Cherokees and Creeks. Nearly three
quarters of the land in Georgia was allocated
by the lottery system. Finally, the U.S. Army
drove the Cherokees northwestward to Indian
Territory in present-day Oklahoma during the
bitterly cold winter of 1838-39. Deprived of
proper food and clothing, at least 4,000—
one-fifth of the entire Cherokee population—
died on the journey. The forced migration
became known as the Trail of Tears.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in
the removal of Cherokees in Georgia?
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
• 1828 Gold attracted white
settlers to north Georgia
• Land belonged to
Cherokee Nation
• US Mint built in Dahlonega
• 1830 Andrew Jackson
signed the Indian Removal
Act
• 1838 Trail of Tears
SS8H5d
Analyze the events that led to the removal
of Creeks and Cherokees; include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William
McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross,
Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v.
Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall,
and the Trail of Tears.
Concepts:
Individuals – Groups – Institutions
Rule of Law
Movement / Migration
What role did Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the
Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia play in the
removal of Cherokees from Georgia?
ANDREW JACKSON
President during the
removal of the
Native
Americans to the
west
Signed the Indian
Removal Act of
1830
Signed the Treaty of
New Echota in
1835 that would
remove all
Cherokees from
GA. in exchange
for land in
Oklahoma
WORCESTER
V.
GEORGIA
•
•
•
•
Sam Worcester
was arrested for
not having a
state license to
live on Cherokee
land
Sentenced to
serve four years
Appealed to the
U.S. Supreme
Court
Ruling stated
that he could
not be arrested
because they
were living on
free Cherokee
land
JOHN MARSHALL
Chief Justice of the
U.S. Supreme
Court
Ruled in Favor of
Sam Worcester
in the court case
Worcester v.
Georgia
JOHN MARSHALL
Chief Justice of the United States
Supreme Court. He ruled in favor of
Sam Worcester in the court case titled
Worcester v. Georgia.
“The Supreme Court ruled that the
Cherokee nation was a "distinct
community" with self-government "in
which the laws of Georgia can have
no force," establishing the doctrine
that the national government of the
United States, and not individual
states, had authority in Indian affairs.”
–wikipedia
WORCESTER V. GEORGIA
U.S. Supreme Court Decision:
-
www.law.jrank.org
Samuel Worcester, tried, convicted, and
sentenced by the state of Georgia for illegally
living in the lands of the Cherokee Nation
encompassed by the state of Georgia, was found
by the Supreme Court to have legally lived in
Cherokee Nation, by virtue of the facts that the
Cherokee Nation is a nation within itself, and that
the state of Georgia had no authority to mandate
laws within the territory confined by the Cherokee
Nation. The acts established by the state of
Georgia that affected the lands of the Cherokee
Nation were deemed unconstitutional and void.
WORCESTER V. GEORGIA
United States Supreme Court Decision:
Student Translation: Samuel Worcester (a white
missionary) was given permission by Cherokees to
live in the Cherokee Nation. However, he and others
were arrested by the state of Georgia for not having a
state license to live on Cherokee land. There were
jailed and sentenced to serve four years of hard labor.
Their appeal made it to the US Supreme Court, and
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the state of
Georgia did not have the right to arrest these people
because they were living in a sovereign (free)
Cherokee nation. In other words, the laws of Georgia
did not apply to the lands of the Cherokee Nation in
north Georgia.
ANDREW JACKSON
The removal of the Native
Americans to the west of the
Mississippi River had been a
major part of Andrew Jackson’s
political agenda. After his
election he signed the Indian
Removal Act into law in 1830.
The Act authorized the President
to negotiate treaties to buy tribal
lands in the east in exchange for
lands further west, outside of
existing U.S. state borders. He
signed the Treaty of New Echota
in 1835 that would remove all
Cherokees from Georgia in
exchange for lands in Oklahoma.
-wikipedia
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES
WERE NOT USED PROPERLY IN AMERICAN HISTORY
EXECUTIVE
PRESIDENT
Andrew Jackson
Did not enforce
the Supreme
court decision
JUDICIAL
SUPREME COURT
Chief Justice John Marshall
WORCESTER
V.
GEORGIA
Ruled that it is
unconstitutional
for states to
create laws
inside Indian
territories.
LEGISLATIVE
GEORGIA ASSEMBLY
Legislators
Created a state law making people have to
carry a state license to live on Cherokee
territory
INDIAN REMOVAL
PAGE 40 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What role did the Trail of
Tears play in the removal of
Cherokees from Georgia?
CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARS
• After the signing of the Treaty of New
Echota, the Trail of Tears was the
relocation and movement of Native
Americans, including many members of the
Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw
nations among others in the United States,
from their homelands to Indian Territory
(present day Oklahoma) in the Western
United States. Many Native Americans
suffered from exposure, disease, and
starvation while en route to their
destinations, and many died, including
4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee.
-wikipedia
WHAT DO YOU THINK THE COLOR PURPLE REPRESENTS ON THE MAP?
IF YOU SAID THE LOCATION OF INDIAN
RESERVATIONS THEN YOU ARE CORRECT.