Transcript 2nd New Republic Darling Approved

New Republic
• Introduction
• Washington (1789-97)
▫ Getting Established
▫ Hamilton
▫ Parties Emerge
• Adams (1797-1801)
▫ Quasi-War and Responses
Themes
• Key issues in Washington’s
Administration
▫ Judicial Branch
▫ Foreign Policy Issues
▫ Political Parties
• John Adams avoids war with
France
• Introduction
• Washington (1789-97)
▫ Getting Established
▫ Hamilton
▫ Parties Emerge
• Adams (1797-1801)
▫ Quasi-War and Responses
Bellwork
• How is the Executive department set up?
The First President
• George Wash. Did not seek
office
• Electoral College unanimously
chose him
• Selected John Adams as VP
How does the Electoral College Work?
Source
The First President
• Wash. established many precedents for others to
follow
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Chief Executive - Appointing a cabinet
Chief Legislature - Role as law maker
Commander and Chief - Monopoly on Violence
Chief Diplomat - Foreign Policy
Chief Executive - Washington's Cabinet
• Cabinet Members
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Henry Knox (MA) - Secretary of War
Edmund Randolph (VA) - Attorney General
Thomas Jefferson (VA) - Secretary of State
Alexander Hamilton (NY) - Secretary of Treasury
Chief Legislature – Major Legislation
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Judiciary Act 1789
Naturalization Act 1790
Bank Act 1791
Coinage Act 1792
Fugitive Slave Act 1793
Naval Act 1794
Ratification of the Bill of Rights
Chief Legislature – Major Legislation
Bill of Rights
• First Amendment:
▫ Free speech, press, religion,
assembly, petition
• Second Amendment:
▫ Right to bear arms
Chief Legislature – Major Legislation
Bill of Rights
• Prohibited unreasonable
searches
• Protected the rights of the
accused:
▫ Allowed for jury trials
▫ No cruel and unusual
punishment
• Power was reserved to the
states and the people
Commander and Chief –
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
• A tax was placed on whiskey
• Farmers in western Penn.
protested and intimidated tax
collectors
• Wash. led a militia of 13,000
to end rebellion.
▫ *Precedent: no violent
resistance to U.S. policies*
Chief Diplomat –
Foreign Policy - France
• The French Rev. began in 1789
and many Am. Rejoiced
▫ Specifically Jefferson and his
followers
• But, the Rev. turned violent
and war broke out in Europe
• Wash. Declared Am. neutral in
European war
Chief Diplomat Foreign Policy - Spain
• Two Concerns
▫ Americans access to port of
New Orleans
▫ Boundary dispute in the
south east
• Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)
▫ Granted America free access
to Mississippi
▫ 31 Parallel = U.S. boundary
with Florida.
Farwell Address
• Condemned political parties
• Warned of entangling alliances
• Established precedence of serving only 2 terms
Check Up!
• Executive Departments Today
• How has the cabinet changed over time? How is
this a reflection of the expanding role of the
presidency today?
• Introduction
• Washington (1789-97)
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Getting Established
Hamilton
Foreign Policy
Parties Emerge
• Adams (1797-1801)
▫ Quasi-War and Responses
Bellwork
• What is the difference between deficit and debt?
Why is debt a dangerous thing?
Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury)
• Born in West Indies
• Served as aid to Wash. during Rev. War
Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury)
• Born in West Indies
• Served as aid to Wash. during Rev. War
• Hoped to concentrate debt in the national
government
▫ Success of large investors would be linked to
success of national government.
National Debt
• U.S. Debt = $54 million
• Goal: off foreign debt and have national gov.
assume state debt
• Some states supported the proposal, but others
had already paid their debt (like Virginia)
National Debt Compromise
• Compromise
▫ Rep. from the south agreed
for the national gov to take on
debt
▫ The capital would transfer
from Philadelphia to a
location on the Potomac
River in Virginia.
Bank of the United States
• Hamilton supported creation
of a National Bank of the
United States
▫ Provide a safe place to
deposit the gov.’s money
▫ Borrow money for the gov. by
selling bonds
▫ Help regulate state banks
• But was it Constitutional?
Bank of the United States
• Jefferson’s View
• Strict Interpretation
▫ No: Bank of U.S.
▫ Constitution did not give
Congress this power
▫ This was reserved to the
states
Bank of the United States
• Hamilton’s View
• Loose Interpretation
▫ Yes: Bank of U.S.
▫ Elastic Clause: Congress had
power to ‘make all laws
necessary and proper’ to
carry out its functions
▫ Wash. Agreed and signed the
Bank bill into law, creating
the Bank of the U.S.
Dealing with the Debt
• Vocabulary
▫ Deficit – The amount of money spent each year
not collected as revenue
▫ Surplus – The amount of money left over after
spending for all expenses
▫ Debt – Total money owed
▫ Revenue – Money collected through tariffs, taxes,
and fees
Dealing with the Debt
• National Bank assumed state debts and issued
debt holders bonds.
• Whiskey Tax (led to Whiskey Rebellion)
Debt as a Percentage of GDP
• U.S. Debt Clock
Solutions Now
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Increase Taxes
Cut Spending
Increase Taxes and Cut Spending
Increase the size of the economy (collect more
revenue but keep taxes at same rates)
Check Up!
National Debt Crisis Then
National Debt Crisis Now
Solution:
Solution:
Check Up!
• Based on what has worked in the past, and what
is currently happening in the United States
today, develop a plan for how the U.S. can
abolish its national debt.
• A: To abolish the national debt, the united states
needs to…
• R: Because
• E: For example
• Introduction
• Washington (1789-97)
▫ Getting Established
▫ Hamilton
▫ Parties Emerge
• Adams (1797-1801)
▫ Quasi-War and Responses
Bellwork
• Do you find yourself siding with one of the major
political parties in the United States? If so,
which one, and why?
Political Parties
• Democratic-Republicans
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Who: Jefferson, Madison
Where: South and West
Issues: State Rights, Small Farmers
Constitution: Strict Interpretation
Foreign Policy: Pro-French
Political Parties
• Federalists
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Who: John Adams, Alexander Hamilton
Where: North East, Cities
Issues: Strong National Government
Constitution: Loose interpretation, Constitution
should be flexible
▫ Foreign Policy: Pro-British
Support National
Bank of the United
States
Supported by
farmers
John Adams
Promoted State
rights
Wanted Strong
national
government
Pro-British
Supported by New
England
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
Supported by city
dwellers
Supported by South
and Western
Territories
Loose
Interpretation
Pro-France
Strict Interpretation
James Madison
Used constitutional
phrase “‘make all
laws necessary and
proper’ to carry out
its functions
Check Up!
Washington wrote that the development of
political parties would destroy ‘the best fabric of
human government and happiness.’
• Do you feel that political parties weaken
government, or strengthen it? Be prepared to
defend.
• Introduction
• Washington (1789-97)
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▫
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Getting Established
Hamilton
Foreign Policy
Parties Emerge
• Adams (1797-1801)
▫ Quasi-War and Responses
John Adams
• Defended Br. Soldier after B.
Massacre.
• From Mass. And member of
the Continental Congress
• Served as diplomat to France
during Am. Rev.
• Wash. VP and a Federalist
Election of 1796
• Jefferson ran against Adams
for pres.
• Adams won, but Jeff. became
VP
▫ Pres. Adams = Federalist
▫ VP Jefferson = DemocraticRepublican
Meanwhile…
• French Revolution killed
monarchs of France and much
of the aristocracy
Meanwhile…
• French Revolution killed
monarchs of France and much
of the aristocracy
• British opposed the French
Revolution
• Fr. And British went to war
Jay’s Treaty
• Negotiated by John Jay
• Trade settlement between British and
Americans.
▫ Br. surrendered forts in western territories
▫ Br. agreed to stop arming Native Americans.
▫ Am. agreed to strict anti-French trade policy
• Signed into law by Washington
XYZ Affair
• French were angered by Am.
Treaty with England
• Adams sent diplomats to
France
• French would not meet with
Americans unless the U.S. paid
them a bribe of 250,000
• America refused and a wave of
anti French sentiment swept
the nation
Video
Quasi-War with France
• Am. Fought French in Caribbean, yet no
declaration of war
• Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans continued
to sympathize with France
• Federalists Congress pass laws to suppress
French sympathizers
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Alien Act, 1798
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Source: Enduring Visionp. 213 - 215
Sedition Act, 1798
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Source: Enduring Vision p. 213 - 215
Bellwork
• Is freedom of speech necessary for a democracy,
or should this government be allowed to curtail
those rights during times of national crisis?
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
• Aimed at Foreigners:
▫ Pres. could expel any
foreigner determined to be a
threat to the nation
▫ Foreigners could be deported
or jailed by Pres. indefinitely
During wartime
▫ Residency for citizenship was
increased from 5 to 14 years
• Limited Free Speech
▫ Illegal to defame or criticize
Pres. or gov.
▫ Aimed at war critics
▫ Seemed to violate First Am
Check Up!
• How did the Alien and Seditions Acts create
conflict between the executive authority of John
Adams and the constitutional freedoms of
opposing political parties?
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)
▫ States could judge constitutionality of laws passed
by Congress
▫ States could nullify unconstitutional laws
▫ The authors of these acts kept their names secret
at the time
 James Madison
 T. Jefferson
Check Up!
1.
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Should the gov. be allowed to pass laws such as the Alien and
Sedition Acts during wartime?
How could the Alien and Sedition Act be used to suppress political
descent?
Does the Bill of Rights go far enough, or too far, in protecting civil
liberties?
Should states be allowed to nullify federal laws, as the Kentucky
and Virginia Resolutions suggested?
Prompt: How did the Quasi War with France create a constitutional crisis within the United
States?
- XYZ Affair
- Alien and Sedition Acts
- Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Assertion
Reasoning
Conclusion
Evidence/O.I.
Inference
Review
• Many events from
Presidencies of Wash. And
Adams were discussed
• Key Concepts: Power of
Government
▫ Should the gov. be allowed to
pass laws such as the Alien
and Sedition Acts during
wartime?
▫ Does the Bill of Rights go far
enough, or too far, in
protecting civil liberties?
▫ Power of Central Gov. vs.
States
Sites
• Bill or Rights
• Whiskey Rebellion National
Historic Site
• Alexander Hamilton
• Jay’s Treaty
• Pinckney’s Treaty
• Treaty of Greenville
• George Washington
• Mount Vernon
• John Adams
• Adams National Historic Park
Source
• http://college.cengage.com/hi
story/lecturepoints/part01_lec
ture08/part01_lecture08.html