Transcript i. imperialism and america

I.IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA
A. American Expansionism:
1.IMPERIALISM: policy in which stronger nations
extend their economic, political, or military control
over weaker territories.
2. By the early 20th century, what were the only two
countries that remained independent in Africa?
ETHIOPIA AND LIBERIA
3. Three factors fueled the new American imperialism:
a. desire for MILITARY STRENGTH
b. thirst for NEW MARKETS
c. belief in CULTURAL SUPERIORITY.
4. In the late 1800s, support grew in the U.S. for
building a large modern navy. One such
leader was ADMIRAL ALFRED T. MAHAN of
the U.S. Navy. Mahan urged government officials
to build up American naval power in order to
compete with other powerful nations. As a result
of the urging of Mahan and others, the United
States built NINE STEEL-HULLED CRUISERS
between 1883 and 1890. In 1880,
the US ranked 12th among world’s naval powers;
by 1899, it ranked 3rd.
5. SOCIAL DARWINISTS justified expanding American
power overseas by suggesting that nations competed
with each other, and only the STRONGEST WOULD
SURVIVE.
a. Many Americans justified expansion with the idea of
ANGLO-SAXONISM—belief that it was the
nation's destiny to spread its civilization to other
people.
b. JOSIAH STRONG: linked Anglo-Saxonism to
Christian missionary ideas. American missionaries
believed imperialism was good because it gave the
natives a chance to be converted.
B. ACQUISITION OF ALASKA AND HAWAII:
1. Purchase of Alaska:
a. WILLIAM SEWARD, Secretary of State, in
1867 purchased Alaska for $7.2 million from
Russia; cost two cents an acre.
b. Known as “SEWARD’S ICEBOX” and
“SEWARD’S FOLLY”
c. Alaska means “GREAT LAND”
2. United States acquires uninhabited MIDWAY
ISLANDS.
3. Acquisition of Hawaii:
a. American settlers in Hawaii discovered that the
climate and soil of the island were suitable for
GROWING SUGARCANE.
b. A trade treaty exempted Hawaiian sugar from tariffs
but was changed by McKinley tariff. The Senate
insisted that Hawaiians grant the United States rights
to a NAVAL BASE.
c. In 1893 AMERICAN PLANTERS, supported by U.S.
Marines, seized power in Hawaii and requested
annexation by the United States. The planters
established their own Republic, the Republic of Hawaii.
Its first president would be SANFORD DOLE.
d. QUEEN LILIUOKALANI, last Monarch of Hawaii,
was deposed by the planters. She had tried to lessen
American influence in the islands.
e. PRESIDENT GROVER CLEVELAND refused to
annex the islands. He disagreed with the manner in
which the Queen was deposed, and did not recognize
the value of Hawaii as a NAVAL BASE.
e. On August 12, 1898, Congress proclaimed
Hawaii an American territory, although Hawaiians
had never had the chance to vote. Before 1898,
the only possessions of the United States were
MIDWAY ISLANDS AND ALASKA
4. Statehood:
a. ALASKA (January 1959)
b. HAWAII (August 1959)
II. THE “SPLENDID LITTLE WAR”
A. A major example of American imperialism is the
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.
1.In 1898 Cuba was still a SPANISH COLONY
(America’s main purpose for involvement was to
FREE CUBA FROM THE SPANISH).
2. American sympathy for Cuban rebels increased after
reading “YELLOW JOURNALISM,” exaggerated
news stories to lure new readers, stories about Spanish
atrocities. Leaders in “yellow journalism” were JOSEPH
PULITZER AND WILLIAM R. HEARST. Hearst
sent artist FREDERIC REMINGTON to Cuba to
illustrate the reporters’ stories. Hearst told Remington:
“YOU FURNISH THE PICTURES AND I’LL
FURNISH THE WAR.”
3. JOSE MARTI’ – Cuban writer and poet, fought for
Cuban independence and raised funds from sympathetic
Americans; wanted to provoke U.S. intervention in Cuba
4. As tensions were building against the Spanish in Cuba,
JINGOISM, or an attitude of aggressive nationalism,
was strong in the Republican Party.
5. On April 11, 1898, Pres.McKinley finally asked Congress
to
a. DECLARE CUBA INDEPENDENT,
b. DEMAND SPAIN WITHDRAW FROM CUBA,
AND
c. AUTHORIZE THE USE OF ARMED FORCE IF
NECESSARY.
6. SPAIN declared war on the U.S. on April 24.
7. PRIMARY CAUSES WHICH LED AMERICANS INTO
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR:
a. AMERICAN DESIRE TO BECOME A WORLD
POWER AND SUPPORT FOR CUBAN
NATIONALISM
b. PRESS COVERAGE
c. Letter by Dupuy de Lome, Spanish minister to United
States, describing President McKinley as: “WEAK
AND A BIDDER FOR THE ADMIRATION OF
THE CROWD”
d. SINKING OF THE U.S.S. MAINE, February 15,
1898 in Havana harbor. USS Maine was there to
EVACUATE AMERICANS and protect American
business and commerce.
8. ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY
THEODORE ROOSEVELT ordered Commodore
George Dewey and the Pacific Naval Squadron to be
prepared to move to Manila Bay. Roosevelt then
resigned his office and formed the ROUGH RIDERS.
9. MILITARY ACTIONS
a. May 1, 1898, first military action of the war took
place at MANILA BAY IN THE PHILIPPINES.
The Pacific Naval Squadron defeated the Spanish
fleet to prevent them ATTACKING THE
UNITED STATES.
b. American troops, assisted by Philippine troops led
by EMILIO AQUINALDO, captured Manila,
capital of Philippines.
c. In Cuba, the scene of the heaviest fighting was at
SANTIAGO, on its southern coast.
d. The ROUGH RIDERS charged up Kettle Hill, while
the Ninth and Tenth Negro Cavalry, led by JOHN J.
PERSHING, charged up SAN JUAN HILL. The
Rough Riders then charged San Juan Hill to assist
Pershing.
e. The majority of the fighting in the Spanish-American
War took place with the NAVIES.
10. The TREATY OF PARIS (1898) ended the
Spanish-American War.
11. Results of the war:
a. CUBA GAINED INDEPENDENCE
FROM SPAIN
b. U. S. GAINED GUAM, PUERTO RICO
c. U. S. BOUGHT PHILIPPINES FROM
SPAIN FOR $20 MILLION
III. ACQUIRING NEW LANDS
A. PUERTO RICO:
1. Puerto Rico importance to U.S.:
a. maintained U.S. presence in
CARIBBEAN
b. protection for planned PANAMA CANAL
2. FORAKER ACT: set up civil government in Puerto
Rico and ended military rule
3. INSULAR CASES: U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the
Constitution did not automatically apply to people in
acquired territories.
4. JONES ACT: made Puerto Ricans U. S. Citizens in
1917.
5. Puerto Rico became a SELF-GOVERNING
COMMONWEALTH in 1952.
B. CUBA:
1. PLATT AMENDMENT: allowed the United States to
involve itself in Cuban affairs and to lease harbors in
Cuba for naval bases, and made Cuba into an American
PROTECTORATE (when an imperial power allows
local rulers to stay in control and protects them against
invasion); became part of CUBA’S CONSTITUTION.
2. TELLER AMENDMENT (1898) prevented United
States taking over Cuba.
C. Philippines
1. Americans disagreed over what to do with Philippines.
a. Some favored ANNEXATION saying this would
benefit AMERICANS AND FILIPINOS
b. Others said ANNEXATION WAS IMMORAL
AND EXPENSIVE
2. Filipinos rejected ANNEXATION (incorporating country
or territory into one’s own country or state)
3. Filipinos preferred COMPLETE
INDEPENDENCE. For three years Emilio
Aquinaldo called the American decision to annex
his homeland, a "VIOLENT AND AGGRESSIVE
SEIZURE," and led a three year rebellion against
the U. S.
4. The Philippines would gain independence JULY 4,
1946
5. WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT was the first military
governor of the Philippines
D. FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA:
1. U.S. Secretary of State JOHN HAY proposed in
1899 an OPEN DOOR POLICY, (giving equal
trading rights in China to all nations and protecting
American trading rights in China).
2. Open Door Policy paved the way for greater American
influence in Asia. Americans
a. believed growth of U.S. economy depended on
EXPORTS;
b. felt U. S. had a right to intervene to keep
FOREIGN MARKETS open;
c. feared that closing of an area to American
PRODUCTS, CITIZENS OR IDEAS
threatened U. S. survival.
3. BOXER REBELLION IN CHINA:
a. A group in China besieged foreign embassies in
Beijing and killed more than 200 foreigners:
RIGHTEOUS AND HARMONIOUS FISTS
b. The leader of China and the one some said
was responsible for the rebellion was the
EMPRESS DOWAGER TSU
c. Chinese forced to pay REPARATIONS
(money for war damages) of more than $332
million.
E. Anti-imperialists: OPPOSED IMPERIALISM –
wrong for U. S. to rule people without their
consent.
IV. AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
A. Teddy Roosevelt and the World
1. RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR:
a. 1904 war between Russia and Japan over
control of MANCHURIA AND KOREA.
b. The Russo-Japanese War began in 1904, when
Japanese launched a surprise attack on Russian
navy at PORT ARTHUR IN CHINA.
c. President Theodore Roosevelt’s assistance was
requested in settling the war.
d. TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH (1905) was
signed at Portsmouth, New Hampshire with both
sides withdrawing from MANCHURIA. Japan
gained control of KOREA.
e. For his part, Roosevelt received the NOBEL
PEACE PRIZE in 1906.
2. PANAMA CANAL:
a. Need for a canal emphasized by fact that, at outbreak
of Spanish-American War, took 68 days for U.S.S.
OREGON to steam from SAN FRANCISCO TO
CUBA.
b. First goals of T. Roosevelt as president were to build a
canal across CENTRAL AMERICA, and to prevent
European interference in LATIN AMERICA.
c. HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY: gave the United
States the sole right to construct and control a Central
American canal
d. France had tried to build canal in 1881; project was
halted after TEN YEARS.
e. Two choices for routes for canal:
1) NICARAGUA: fewer obstacles because much of it
crossed a lake
2) Senate approved route through PANAMA, A
PROVINCE OF COLOMBIA. It was shorter but
tougher with swamps and mountains.
a) Negotiations with Colombia, U.S. offered, in
exchange for perpetual rights to a SIX-MILE
WIDE “CANAL ZONE,” to pay Colombia $10
million and annual rental of $250,000.
Colombian Senate demanded $20 MILLION.
f.
Phillipe Bunau-Varilla organized and financed a
REVOLUTION IN 1903 IN PANAMA. Using an
1846 American-Colombian Treaty as justification,
Roosevelt landed troops from the U.S.S.
NASHVILLE to “MAINTAIN ORDER.” Three
days later, the United States recognized Panama as
AN INDEPENDENT NATION.
g. New Panamanian government signed a treaty with the
United States and granted it a canal zone TEN MILES
WIDE for a cost of $10 MILLION and the annual
payment of $250,000.
h. BUILDING THE CANAL
1). Builders fought diseases, and soft volcanic soil
2). Cause and cure for yellow fever:
a) DR. WALTER REED: American physician
proved that mosquitoes carried malaria and
yellow fever.
b) WILLIAM C. GORGAS: army physician
helped rid Cuba and Panama Canal Zone of
malaria and yellow fever.
The Panama Canal
3). United States built bases in the Canal Zone to
protect its INVESTMENTS AND PEOPLE.
V. RELATIONS WITH LATIN AMERICA:
A. THEODORE ROOSEVELT:
1. Roosevelt’s motto, “SPEAK SOFTLY BUT
CARRY A BIG STICK”, was most evident
in the Caribbean. Using this motto, he was
successful in bringing parts of Latin America,
Cuba and the Panama Canal under direct
control of the United States, sometimes using
the threat of military force. His motto also
meant he relied on the United States having a
strong NAVY.
2. 1904 – Congress passed “ROOSEVELT
COROLLARY TO MONROE DOCTRINE” –
the U. S. would intervene in Latin American affairs to
maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere. First
applied in 1905 when Roosevelt sent in Marines to
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC to collect customs tariffs to
pay debts owed European countries.
3. 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt sent sixteen
American battleships, known as the GREAT WHITE
FLEET, on a global cruise; an example of “BIG STICK”
diplomacy.
B. WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT
1. Introduced “DOLLAR DIPLOMACY” (substituting
“dollars for bullets”) to help Latin America by placing
less emphasis on military force and more on helping
Latin American industry through LOANS and protect
U.S. ECONOMIC INTERESTS
2. Assured businessmen the U.S. would intervene if
UNREST THREATENED THEIR
INVESTMENTS.
3. In 1912, Taft sent U.S. Marines into NICARAGUA.
C. WOODROW WILSON:
1. Wilson’s policy toward Latin America was known as
“MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY,” U. S. morally
responsible to deny recognition to any Latin
American government it viewed as oppressive,
undiplomatic or hostile to U.S. interests.
2. Mexican Revolution tested Wilson’s policy:
a.
1914 Wilson ordered occupation of VERA
CRUZ after American sailors
arrested in
Tampico. Wilson used the Mexicans’ failure to
apologize as an opportunity to overthrow the
Mexican leader, VICTORIANO HUERTA.
b.
European and Latin American countries
objected to WILSON’S INVOLVEMENT in
Mexico.
c. January 1916 PANCHO VILLA attacked a town in
NEW MEXICO, killing seventeen and causing
150,000 National Guardsmen to be placed along the
Mexican border.
d. GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING led expedition
into Mexico in 1916 in pursuit of Villa.
3. Woodrow Wilson sent MARINES into Latin American
countries to set up democratic governments.