Transcript 3 - Methacton School District

Section
3
Objectives
•
Compare the policies of Gerald Ford and
Jimmy Carter toward the Soviet Union.
•
Discuss changing U.S. foreign policy in the
developing world.
•
Identify the successes and failures of
Carter’s foreign policy in the Middle East.
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Terms and People
•
Helsinki Accords − a document that put the
nations of Europe on record in favor of human
rights, endorsed by the U.S. and Soviet Union in a
1975 meeting
•
human rights − the basic rights that every
human being is entitled to have
•
SALT II − an agreement between the United
States and Soviet Union to limit nuclear arms
production
•
boat people − people who fled communistcontrolled Vietnam on boats, looking for refuge in
Southeast Asia, the United States, and Canada
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
sanctions − penalties
•
developing world − the poor nations of Asia,
Africa, and Latin America
•
Camp David Accords − agreements that
provided the framework for a peace treaty
between Egypt and Israel
•
Ayatollah Khomeini − a fundamentalist Islamic
cleric who took power in Iran when the Shah fled
in 1979
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What were the goals of American foreign
policy during the Ford and Carter years,
and how successful were Ford’s and
Carter’s policies?
The Vietnam War caused many Americans to
question the direction of the nation’s foreign
policy.
Debates about détente, human rights, and which
regimes deserved American support became part
of the national conversation.
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Gerald Ford continued Nixon’s policies of
détente with the Soviet Union after he took
office in 1974.
The United States continued
disarmament talks with the
Soviets that led to SALT II.
Ford also endorsed the Helsinki Accords,
a document that put major nations on record in
support of human rights.
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The U.S. sought to put the Vietnam War in
the past.
South Vietnam fell to the communists. Many of
the boat people eventually found refuge in the
United States and Canada.
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Early in his presidency, Jimmy Carter
continued Nixon’s and Ford’s policies toward
the Soviet Union.
In June 1979, Carter signed the SALT II arms control
treaty despite opposition from many Americans who
believed it jeopardized U.S. security. The U.S. Senate
held heated debates about whether to vote for the
treaty, which angered the Soviet Union.
Despite the signed treaty, the Soviet Union invaded
Afghanistan to support its communist government.
Carter withdrew SALT II from Congress and
imposed sanctions on the Soviets.
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Jimmy Carter changed the course of American
foreign policy by declaring it would be guided
by a concern for human rights.
Carter’s beliefs about human rights changed the way
that the U.S. dealt with countries in the developing
world. The U.S. stopped sending money to countries
that ignored their citizens’ rights, such as Nicaragua.
Carter also decided to return the Panama Canal
Zone to Panama by 1999. Although some
Americans feared that this would weaken national
security, the Canal Zone treaties were ratified in
1978 and Panama now has full control of the canal.
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Carter helped to negotiate a
peace agreement between
Egypt and Israel known as
the Camp David Accords.
Egypt became the first
Arab nation to officially
recognize the nation of
Israel.
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In Iran, fundamentalist Islamic
clerics led by Ayatollah Khomeini
seized power.
Radical students took over
the U.S. Embassy and held
66 Americans hostage.
President Carter failed to
win all of the hostages’
release– evidence to some
that his foreign policy was
not tough enough.
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The U.S. Hostage Crisis in
Iran
444 Days in Captivity
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Background of the Shah
• First came to power
during WWII
• Deposed in the late
forties
• Reinstalled by a
CIA-led coup in
1953 approved by
the Eisenhower
administration
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The “White Revolution”
• Divested the clergy of their vast
landholdings
• Declared new rights for women
– Right to vote
– Right to attend university
• Dramatically increased urbanization and
industrialization
• Exiles the Ayatollah Khomeini after he
criticizes the Shah
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Westernize or Bust!
• Most Iranians did not want to abandon
their rich heritage for Western Ways
• Found inspiration in the sermons of
Muslim leaders who denounced the
material West
• The Shah maintained control with harsh
repression and brutality
– SAVAK
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•
Allah Hu Akbar, Marg Bar
Shah!
Demonstrations
increased
demanding the shah
be deposed
• Demonstrators
demanded the
return of the exiled
Ayatollah Khomeini
• The country was out
of control
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Exit the Shah!
• Offers the premiership to Dr. Shahpur
Bahktiar
• Leaves the country January 16, 1979
• The Ayatollah was invited back
• Tens of thousands of demonstrators
demanded the return of an Islamic state.
• Dr. Bahktiar leaves
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Islamic State Returns
• Enemies of the Islamic Revolution are
tried and executed
• All political parties and organizations
are banned
• Independent and non-Islamic
newspapers are closed.
• Banks and Industries are Nationalized.
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Iranian Revolution Escalates
• US interests in the
Persian Gulf are
threatened.
– No access to Iranian Oil
– Cancellation of $7 billion
of uncompleted arms
contracts
• Anti American
sentiment runs high.
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Iran’s Hostage Demands
• Return the Shah for trial
• Return the Shah’s wealth to the people of
Iran
• Admission of guilt by the US
• An apology and promise to stay out of
Iran’s affairs.
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“Marg Bar Amrika!”
• Sunday, November 4,
1979 the US
Embassy in Teheran
is stormed
• Sixty-six hostages
taken
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President Carter’s Response
• Refused to send the
Shah back
• Froze all Iranian
Government
financial assets
• Forbade American
companies from
buying Iranian oil
• 13 hostages freed
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U.S. Reaction to Hostage Crisis
• Demonstrations at the Iranian Embassy in
the US
• Record sales of Iranian flags, which were
then burned
• Iranian Americans were harassed
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Renewed Sense of Patriotism
• Hostages became a
national obsession
• Yellow Ribbon
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America’s Frustration Grows
• On April 7, President Carter announces
the severing of diplomatic relations with
Iran
• Complete economic embargo
• Inventory of financial claims against Iran to
be paid from Iranian assets in the U.S.
• All Iranian diplomats are told to leave the
country in 24 hours.
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• April 24, 1980 Operation
• 8 helicoptors from
the Nimitz were to
rendezvous with 6
transports at Desert
One
• Then fly to Desert
Two to drive to
Teheran where the
CIA had arranged
for several Iranians
to help storm the
embassy
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Eagle Claw
Section
3
• The first mission for the
newly formed Delta
Force
• Pilots did not have
experience, flying at
night, flying low, and in
sand storms.
• The sandstorm disabled
three helicoptors, one
collided with a transport
and both burst into
flames killing eight
Americans
Mission Aborted!
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President Carter Accepts Full
Blame
• Little hope for a second attempt because
the hostages were dispersed to various
locations
• Carter’s popularity sinks
• The Shah dies in July
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1980 Presidential Campaign
• The Reagan-Bush team
realized that the hostage
issue would determine the
election
• Americans needed to hear
stirring phrases of national
purpose, and believe in the
future.
• Wins by a landslide, Nov. 4
• Started selling arms to the
Contra rebels in Nicaragua,
using the money to pay Iran
ransom
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The Hostages are Freed
• Carter released $8
billion in frozen
Iranian assets the
morning of the
inauguration
• The hostages board
planes
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Where Are They Now?
• The Shah’s son is
attended school at
USC
• Trained as a pilot in
the US Airforce
• Acknowledges some
of the evil that his
father was accused
of
• Is gathering support
to return to Iran
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Two Views: Liberalism and
Conservatism
• Liberalism equals Democrats
• Valued social programs
• Bigger Government/Government should take
care of the people
• Conservatism equals Republican
• Lower taxes/keep money in the hands of people
• Smaller Government
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The Conservative Movement
Gained Strength
• Liberalism lost appeal due to Vietnam War
and Counter-Culture
• Conservatives believed Government spent
too much money on programs like welfare
which promoted the number of children
born out of wedlock and supported people
who chose not to work
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Reaganomics Guides the Economy
Section
3
• Supply Side Economics
– Reduce taxes
– People have more to spend
– Factories must make more, putting more
people back to work
– Government can collect more taxes
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Reagan Challenges Communism
•
•
•
•
Most military peace time spending ever
Simply outspent the Soviets
Strategic Defense Initiative/Star Wars
Supported Anti-communist movement
around globe
• New Leader in the Soviet Union, Mikhail
Gorbachev/Stain Head
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Continued…
• MG promised two things:
• Glasnost equals New Openness in Soviet
Society
• Perestroika equals Restructuring of Soviet
Society
– Moving away from a socialist controlled
economy
– Created an opening for a shift in relations
between the US and the Soviet Union
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Cold War Ends
• Berlin Wall comes down-1989
• East & West Germany reunite
• No more Communism in Eastern Europe/no more
Warsaw Pact
• Soviet Union falls apart & Cold War is over
– December 25, 1991
– Breaks into 15 independent Republics
– Boris Yeltsin leader of the largest new republic,
Russian Federation
• Who’s our enemy?
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George H.W. Bush
• Succeeds Ronald Reagan as the next
President
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New Issues Emerge
• The Persian Gulf War
– Saddam Hussein is the ruthless dictator of Iraq
• Led from 1979 to 2003
– Invades Kuwait in 1990
• Economic Reasons
– President Bush made it clear he wouldn’t tolerate
Iraq’s aggression and built an international coalition &
demanded Iraqi troops withdraw
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Operation Desert StormJanuary 1991
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Bill Clinton
• Bush is seen as old and out of touch
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Osama Bin Laden
• Leader of Al-Qaeda, terrorist organization
• Killed May 2, 2011 in Pakistan
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The hostage crisis showed that the Soviet Union
was no longer the only threat to America.
Conflicts in the
Middle East
threatened to
become the greatest
foreign policy
challenge for the
United States.
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
Foreign Policy Troubles