Transcript America Enters War

WORLD WAR I:
1914 - 1918
Aim: What caused
World War I in
Europe?
Do Now: Create a KW-L chart and fill in
the first 2 columns
CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
• MILITARISM
• ALLIANCES
• NATIONALISM
• IMPERIALISM
• ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND
of Austria-Hungary
MILITARISM
The policy of building up armed forces in
preparation for war.
European nations expanded their armies and
navies, creating an “arms race.”
Example: Germany built up its navy, so Great Britain added more ships
to its fleet. This created a strain in relations between the two powers.
ALLIANCES
An agreement between nations to work together for a
common purpose
Triple Alliance
 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Italy
Triple Entente
 France
 Great Britain
 Russia
These allies agreed to support each other in case of an
attack. An attack on one nation in an alliance was an attack
on all the nations of an alliance. Any minor incident could
spark a major war.
Map of Europe 1914
NATIONALISM
Having pride in one’s nation
While nationalism encouraged unity, it also created mistrust
and tension between nations.
Ex:
France and Germany went to war in 1870. As a
result, France was forced to give Germany the
Alsace-Lorraine, a territory rich with iron.
The French were insulted. Their pride was hurt, so they
waited for a chance to get their revenge and take it
back from Germany
IMPERIALISM
When a powerful country
attempts to control the
economic and political
affairs of weaker countries
or nations
From 1870 to 1914, the most powerful
countries in Europe were Britain,
France, Germany, Italy and Russia.
These nations scrambled to colonize
Africa, Asia and the Pacific Ocean.
These countries fought for power in the
same region, which often led to war.
ASSASSINATION (murder of a public official)
•
In June of 1914, Archduke Franz
Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was
in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.
– Bosnia was ruled by Austria-Hungary
• A Serbian terrorist group known as
the “Black Hand” wanted Bosnia to
break away from Austria-Hungary
and join Russia.
• On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip,
a Serbian nationalist, shot Franz
Ferdinand in Sarajevo.
…this was the “spark” which
caused World War I!!
Austria-Hungary
declared war on
Serbia
1914
Serbia had a secret
Alliance with
Russia
Austria-Hungary
was in the Triple
Alliance with
Germany
and Italy
Russia was in the
Triple Entente with
France and Great
Britain
Friday, 2/8/13
• Aim: Where did the war occur? What
alliances were formed?
• Do Now: Please take out your map from
last night and answer the following
questions….
– 1. Which side had the advantage? Why?
– 2. What potential obstacles do you see one side
facing when it comes to fighting this war?
EUROPE - 1914
THE WAR IN EUROPE
THE ALLIED POWERS
(Triple Entente)
 Great Britain
 France
 Russia
 Italy (“switched”) sides
when the war began
Total: 21 countries





THE CENTRAL
POWERS
(Triple Alliance)
Germany
Austria- Hungary
The Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
Bulgaria
Italy (early on in the
war)
The United States????
Chose to remain NEUTRAL
front – an area of fighting
The European
Alliances
1914
“All Quiet On The Western Front”
France and Great Britain are fighting from trenches that
were surrounded by mines and barbed wire in FRANCE.
The first two years of the war were a “stalemate.” One
soldier recalled, “The men slept in mud, washed in mud,
and dreamed in mud.”
When a soldier left the trench,
they would go “over the top.” If a
soldier was caught in between
trenches, they would be in “no
man’s land.”
Eastern and Southern Fronts
Eastern Front:
Southern Front:
RUSSIA
ITALY AND GREECE
Germany and AustriaHungary are fighting
Russia. They are
winning battles and
moving deeper into
Russia.
Austria-Hungary and
Italy are fighting
against each other on
the border. British and
French are fighting
Turkey to keep them
from helping the
Central Powers.
Wednesday, 2/13
• Aim: What made America shift from
neutrality to involvement in the war?
• Do Now: Take out your HW from last
night to review.
American
“Neutrality”
• When war broke out in Europe, the U.S. adopted an official
position of neutrality.
– Taking no side in a conflict
• Other neutral countries were: Spain, Belgium, Switzerland,
Sweden, the Netherlands, and Norway
• Most Americans, however, favored the Allies because of cultural
ties to Britain and because the French were allies of the 13
colonies during the American Revolution.
• On the other hand, there were also many German and Austrian
descendants in the U.S. who favored the Central Powers.
WHY THE U.S.
ENTERED THE WAR…
Sinking of the Lusitania
The Zimmermann Telegram
The Russian Revolution
Anti-German Propaganda
THE SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA
• In May, 1915, a German Uboat, or undersea boats, sank
the Lusitania, a British
passenger ship, killing 1200
people, including 128
Americans.
• President Wilson called the
sinking of the Lusitania
“murder on the high seas.”
He threatened to break off
diplomatic relations with
Germany if they did not stop
sinking passenger ships.
The German kaiser,
or king, agreed to
stop “unrestricted
submarine warfare”
The Germans claimed that they warned American citizens
not to travel in war zones
THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM
A telegram sent by the
German foreign secretary to
Mexico, urging Mexico to
attack the U.S. if the U.S.
declared war on Germany.
Germany would give Mexico
part of the southwestern
U.S., which was lost years
earlier, in return for their
help
This telegram
was intercepted
by the British
and given to the
United States
After learning of this
telegram, anti-German
feelings soared in the U.S.
THE RUSSIAN
REVOLUTION
• In 1917, the Russian people revolted
against Czar Nicholas II (czar= emperor)
• President Wilson welcomed the Russian
Revolution because, as a believer in democracy, it
was against his principles to be an ally of a
country ruled by a dictator.
• Without the Czar, it would be easier for Wilson
to support the Allies.
Anti-German Propaganda
Propaganda- the spreading of ideas that help a cause
or hurt an opposing cause
Each side pictured
the other side as
savage beasts who
killed innocent
civilians. Anti- German
propaganda often
referred to the
Germans as “Huns.”
On April 2, 1917, President Wilson went
before Congress to ask for a declaration
of war. He declared that, “The world
must be made safe for democracy.”
On April 6, 1917, Congress
voted 455-56 to join “The
Great War” on the side of
The Allies. The United
States was now part of the
deadliest war the world
had ever seen
Let’s Wrap It Up…
•
In your own words, why did America
enter WWI?
•
Do you believe America should have
entered into WWI? Why or why not?
Monday March 19, 2012
• Aim: How did the U.S. prepare for
war?
• Do Now: What are some ways a
country prepares for war? How do
you think war will change a
persons daily life?
The Selective Service Act
(draft)
 Passed in May, 1917
All men, ages 21-30,
had to register
4 million American
men joined
Blacks and whites
still segregated
Food Administration
“Food will win the war”
• Government relied on the people’s
cooperation to help boost food
production and ration.
– Limiting the amount of food for
America
• Farms grew more so food sent
to Europe
• People grew victory gardens
• People went without wheat on
“Wheatless Mondays” and
without meat on “Meatless
Tuesdays”
War Industries Board
• War caught the
nation short on
supplies…
• Government told
factories what to
produce
• For example: clothing,
uniforms, guns,
ammunition
Tuesday March 20, 2012
• Aim: How did the war end?
• Do Now: In the year 1919, why do
you think WWI was referred to as a
“war to end all wars”?
National War Labor Board
• Labor Board was
created to support
workers because
without them
industry couldn’t
mobilize.
• Encouraged women
to take the jobs of
the men in factories.
Anti-War Punishment
• Espionage Act
– People who interfered
with war activities were
fined or jailed
• Sedition Act
– You could be fined or
jailed for openly
criticizing the war
Liberty/Victory Bonds
• Citizens loaned
money to the
government to pay
for the war, in
return they would
get back interest
• All together liberty
bonds raised $21
billion dollars
Highlights of World War I
 The American Expeditionary Force- (A.E.F.)American troops which fought in Europe from
1917-1918. Approximately 2 million American men
went overseas.
• The soldiers were nicknamed
“doughboys”
• The Americans had their
own commander: “Black Jack” Pershing
(The Allies were commanded by
Marshall Foch of France
World War I Ends
At the 11th hour, on the 11th day of the
11th month, 1918, both sides signed an
ARMISTICE. (armistice – an agreement
To stop fighting)
The world
thought that
this was the war
“to end all
wars”
 More than 30 nations
were involved
 13 million deaths
- Russia, 1.7 million
- Germany, 1.6 million
 Americans lost over 100,000 lives
 20 million wounded
 Cost $350 billion (U.S. $33 billion)
• Aim: What were the goals of the
individual nations at the Paris Peace
Conference?
• Do Now: What do you think the mood
of the Peace Conference was going to
be? Explain how it might impact the
decision making.
(Take out map to be checked!)
Directions for Group Work
(hand out worksheet)
• Once in your group, decide who will be following
roles…
• Leader, Artist, Recorder, Presenter (you can
have 2 presenters if 5 members are in the
group)
• The leader, recorder, and presenters should start
organizing your ideas/goals on loose-leaf paper I will come around with poster paper so the artist
can get started with decorating, etc..
• Use the handout provided to guide you. Make
sure to address the bulleted questions!!
Results of the Peace Conference
Great Britain
– Germany should not be treated too harshly; it would only
lead to more problems in the future.
– Germany should be allowed to recover
– France should not be allowed to take an area known as
the Rhineland.
– We agree with the demilitarization of the Rhineland
Results of the Peace Conference
France
– Germany must return the Alsace
Lorraine to us (it was taken by
Germany in 1871).
– Germany must pay reparations to
France to cover the cost of rebuilding
the parts of our country that were
destroyed during the war. (750,000
homes/ 23,000 factories)
– France should be allowed to take the
Rhineland (near the River Rhine) to
ensure that Germany does not attack
us in the future.
Results of the Peace Conference
Italy
– Wants two small
areas called
Istria and South
Tyrol.
– We want the
Adriatic Coast
made into a new
country called
Yugoslavia,
which included
Bosnia and
Serbia.
Results of the Peace Conference
United States
– The people of Europe should be allowed to decide their
own future  Self-determination
– Wilson wanted an end to all the empires which European
countries had built up.
– The U.S. did not think Italy should take the Adriatic coast.
– Wilson proposed a League of Nations to be established
that would settle disputes between countries in the future.
– However, the U.S. Congress must first approve (ratify) the
Treaty of Versailles and many opposed the League of
Nations because they fear it will tell the U.S. what to do or
where to fight.
• Aim: How did Wilson’s 14 Points
compare to the Treaty of
Versailles?
• Do Now: What were some of
Wilson’s goals? What does peace
without victory mean?
Results of the Peace Conference
Germany
• They were not invited to be involved in the decision
making process in Paris.
• They were forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles
and agree to what the Allied Powers demanded
– They wanted them to accept all blame for the war (“War
Guilt Clause”)
– They wanted their army reduced to 100,000 men and a
ban of the draft put in place.
– They wanted them to reduce the navy to 6 warships and
get rid of all submarines.
– The Allied Powers wanted their entire air force to be
destroyed.
The Fourteen Points
Wilson’s goals for world peace (1918)
1.) Freedom of the seas – neutrality for all
nations
2.) Open Diplomacy – no more secret
alliances
3.) Limits on arms - end of militarism
4.) Free trade – no more imperialism
5.) SELF DETERMINATION- National
groups had the right to their own
territory & government
(nationalism for all)
6.) A LEAGUE OF NATIONS- An
international peace organization to
protect the independence of all countries
The Versailles Treaty
Paris, 1919
“The Big Four”
made most of the decisions
Woodrow Wilson – The United States
 David Lloyd George- Great Britain
 Georges Clemenceau – France
 Vittorio Orlando – Italy
GERMANY WAS NOT PERMITTED TO ATTEND!
The Allies Wanted
Revenge!
1.) New Independent nations were 6.) …and, most importantly
formed (Belgium, Poland,
Austria, Czechoslovakia and
Yugoslavia)
2.) Germany was totally disarmed
3.) Germany had to give up all
colonies
was established in
4.) Germany had to pay $300
1920
billion in reparations (war costs) -International Peace
5.) “WAR GUILT CLAUSE”-Preserve self-rule
Germany had to accept
-Action against
responsibility for World War I
aggression
-Reduce armaments
The United States NEVER
signed the Treaty of Versailles
President
Wilson really
wanted the
League
and was
devastated
when the
U.S.
rejected
it
The Treaty of
Versailles included a
League of Nations.
Many Americans
wanted to return to
ISOLATIONISM
again. Therefore,
Congress refused to
ratify a treaty which
included an
international
organization
which the U.S. would
have to join
President Wilson stated, “It [the
League of Nations] is dead….every
morning I put flowers on its grave.”
As it turned out, Wilson’s dream of a world
“safe for democracy” would have to wait....
On May 20, 1920, the
U.S. Senate voted
against the supporting
the Treaty of
Versailles. This meant
the U.S. would not be
a member in the
League of Nations.
1.) What is the
opinion of the
cartoonist?
2.) What are the
different roles being
presented in the
cartoon?