Transcript The Mexican-American War

OUT OF MANY
A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
Chapter 14
The Territorial Expansion of the United States
1830s - 1850s
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Chapter Focus Questions
What was manifest destiny?
What were the major differences between the
Oregon, Texas, and California frontiers?
What were the most important consequences of
the Mexican-American War?
What was the link between expansion and
slavery?
What were the issues in the election of 1848?
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Part Two:
American Communities:
Texans and Tejanos
“Remember the Alamo!”
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American Communities: Texans and
Tejanos “Remember the Alamo!”
Texas uprising was an alliance between American and
native-Spanish speakers, Tejanos.
Tejano elite welcomed American entrepreneurs
shared power with them.
The Mexican state was unstable
the conservative centralists decided Americans had
too much power
tried to crack down on local autonomy.
Tejanos played key roles in the Texas Revolution
once independence was secured they were excluded
from positions of power.
Frontier pattern of dealing with native people?
first, blending with them
second, occupying the land
third, excluding or removing native settlers.
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Santa Anna
Sam Houston
The Politics of Expansion
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Manifest Destiny, an Expansionist
Ideology
In 1845, journalist John O’Sullivan coined the
phrase “manifest destiny” ???
to imply Americans had a basic right to spread
across the continent and conquer whomever
stood in their way.
Westward expansion would increase trade and
enable whites to “civilize” the Indians.
Democrats saw expansion as the cure for national
ills
• by providing new opportunities in the West
• leading to increased trade with Asia.
Whigs feared expansion would bring up the
slavery issue.
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Take five minutes to write a
paragraph reacting to the concept
of Manifest Destiny
Mexican Texas
In Texas, Mexican authorities sought
American settlement as a way of providing a
buffer between its heartland and the
Comanches.
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MAP 14.4a Texas: From
Mexican Province to U.S.
State In the space of
twenty years, Texas
changed shape three
times. Initially part of the
Mexican province of
Coahuila y Tejas, it
became the Republic of
Texas in 1836, following
the Texas Revolt, and was
annexed to the United
States in that form in 1845.
Finally, in the Compromise
of 1850 following the
Mexican-American War, it
took its present shape.
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MAP 14.4b Texas:
From Mexican
Province to U.S. State
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MAP 14.4c Texas:
From Mexican
Province to U.S. State
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Americans in Texas
Stephen F. Austin promoted American
emigration.
Generally, slaveholders came to grow
cotton in their self-contained enclaves.
Americans viewed Texas as an extension
of Mississippi and Louisiana.
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Americans in Texas
For a brief period Texas was big enough to hold
Comanche, Mexican, and American communities:
Mexicans maintained ranches and missions in the
South.
Americans farmed the eastern and south central
sections.
The Comanches held their hunting grounds on the
frontier.
In 1828, a new Mexican centrist government broke the
balance
sought to control Texas by
• restricting immigration,
• outlawing slavery,
• and raising taxes.
Americans came to see their own culture as superior to
that of the “mongrel Spanish-Indian.”
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Painted by George Catlin about 1834, this scene, Commanche Village Life, shows
how the everyday life of the Comanche's was tied to buffalo. The women in the
foreground are scraping buffalo hide, and buffalo meat can be seen drying on racks.
The men and boys may be planning their next buffalo hunt.
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Americans in Texas
War broke out in 1835.
The Mexican army overwhelmed Americans
at the Alamo.
At the San Jacinto River, Sam Houston’s
forces victory led to a treaty granting
independence to the Republic of Texas
fixing the southern boundary at the Rio
Grande.
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The Republic of Texas
Texas Republic developed after the United States rejected
admission for fear of rekindling slave state/free state
conflicts.
Conflicts between Anglos and Tejanos grew
• Americans assumed themselves to be racially and
culturally superior.
President Tyler raised the issue of annexation in 1844 with
hopes of re-election.
Polk won the 1844 election after calling for “the reoccupation of Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas
The 1844 election was widely interpreted as a mandate for
expansion.
Texas became a state in 1845
becoming the twenty-eighth state
the fifteenth slave state.
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Assign Polk Article
The Mexican-American
War
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Origins of the War
Polk was committed to expanding U.S. territory.
He peacefully settled the Oregon controversy.
Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United
States.
Polk wanted to extend U.S. territory to the Pacific
encouraged a takeover of California.
A “border dispute” led Polk to order troops to
defend Mexico.
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Mr. Polk’s War
The dispute with Mexico erupted into war
They refused to receive Polk’s envoy
a brief skirmish occurred on the Texas-Mexico
border.
Polk asked for war with Mexico.
The call was politically divisive, particularly
among opponents of slavery and
northerners.
Mass protests occurred.
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Mr. Polk’s War
Map: The Mexican-American War, 1846–48
Polk planned the war strategy, sending troops into the
northern provinces of Mexico, conquering New Mexico
and California. Victories in Mexico came hard.
The fierce Mexican resistance was met by American
brutality against Mexican citizens.
When General Scott captured Mexico City, the war ended.
Polk had ambitions of taking over Mexico, but strong
opposition made him accept the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo.
Map: Territory Added, 1845–53
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The Peace
•
•
•
•
•
Polk dispatched Nicholas P. Trist.
• Trist paid Santa Anna $10,000 to make the peace which
Santa Anna used for time to reinforce his defenses.
Polk attempted to recall Trist, but Trist refused, sensing an
opportunity was at hand.
The Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo was at hand, and Trist
signed on February 2, 1848.
The treaty yielded all of Texas and California to the United
States for $ 15 million.
Polk immediately submits treaty to the senate for ratification
• time was of the essence.
• Anti-expansionists did not want the massive land tract
for fear of slavery issues
• Pro-expansionists wanted to annex all of Mexico
MAP 14.6 Territory Added,
1845–53 James K. Polk
was elected president in
1844 on an expansionist
platform. He lived up to
most of his campaign
rhetoric by gaining the
Oregon Country (to the
49th parallel) peacefully
from the British, Texas by
the presidential action of
his predecessor John
Tyler, and present-day
California, Arizona,
Nevada, Utah, New
Mexico, and part of
Colorado by war with
Mexico. In the short space
of three years, the size of
the United States grew by
70 percent. In 1853, the
Gadsden Purchase added
another 30,000 square
miles.
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The Press and Popular War Enthusiasm
The Mexican-American War was the first conflict
featuring regular, on-the-scene reporting.
The war reports united Americans into a
temporary, emotional community.
Popular war heroes like Zachary Taylor and
Winfield Scott later became presidential
candidates.
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Seeing History
War News from
Mexico.
SOURCE: Richard Caton
Woodville, “War News From
Mexico,” Oil on canvas. Manovgian
Foundation on loan to the National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. ©
Board of Trustees, National Gallery
of Art, Washington, DC.
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Thoreau, Civil Disobedience
(1849)
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is Thoreau’s Argument?
Favorite Quote?
His view on voting in a democracy?
Does he see slavery as a North/South
issue?
Oregon
Part Six:
California and the Gold
Rush
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Gold!
Map: California in the Gold Rush
The discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in January 1848
triggered a massive gold rush of white Americans,
Mexicans, and Chinese.
Because it was the entry port and supply point, San
Francisco grew from a village of 1,000 in 1848 to a city of
35,000 in 1850.
California’s white population grew by nearly tenfold.
California gained enough residents to become a state in
1850.
Chart: Where the Forty-Niners Came From
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FIGURE 14.2 Where the Forty-Niners Came From Americans drawn to the
California Gold Rush of 1849 encountered a more diverse population than most had
previously known. Nearly as novel to them as the 20 percent from foreign countries
was the regional variety from within the United States itself.
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This drawing of the bar of a gambling saloon in San Francisco in 1855 shows the effects
of the Gold Rush on California. Men from all parts of the world are gathered at this
elegant bar in the large cosmopolitan city of San Francisco, which had been only a small
trading post before gold was discovered in 1849.
SOURCE: Frank Marryat, “The Bar of a Gambling Saloon ,” published 1855. Lithograph. Collection of the New York Historical Society, New
York City.
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Chinese first came to California in 1849 attracted by the Gold Rush. Frequently,
however, they were forced off their claims by intolerant whites. Rather than enjoy an
equal chance in the goldfields, they were often forced to work as servants or in other
menial occupations.
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Mining Camps
The mining camps were generally
miserable, squalid, temporary communities
where racism was widespread.
Most of the miners were young, unmarried,
and unsuccessful.
A much more reliable way to earn wealth
was to supply the miners.
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Part Seven:
The Politics of Manifest
Destiny
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The Wilmot Proviso
Northern Whigs opposed expansion on
antislavery grounds.
The Wilmot Proviso caused a controversy
over the status of slavery in the new
territories.
Proposed to ban slavery in any territory gained
from Mexico
A bitter debate on the Proviso raised serious
sectional issues and caused the first
breakdown of the national party system.
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The Free-Soil Movement
The growth of the Liberty Party indicated
northern public opinion was shifting toward an
antislavery position.
The Free-Soil Party offered a compromise –
how?
• stopping the spread of slavery.
The Free-Soilers appealed to northern values of
freedom and individualism,
as well as racism
ban all African Americans from the new
territories.
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The Election of 1848
Candidates had to discuss their views on the
slavery expansion.
Lewis Cass, the Democrat, favored popular
sovereignty but was vague on details.
The Whig war hero, Zachary Taylor, refused
to take a position on the Wilmot Proviso.
The Free-Soil Party ran Martin Van Buren as
a spoiler.
By taking Democratic votes from Cass, Van
Buren helped Taylor win the election.
Unfortunately, Taylor died in office.
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In 1848, the Whigs nominated a hero of the Mexican-American War, General
Zachary Taylor, who ran on his military exploits. In this campaign poster, every
letter of Taylor’s name is decorated with scenes from the recent war, which had
seized the popular imagination
in Pearson
a wayEducation,
no previous
conflict had done.
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