Transcript The Cold War SOL13

The Cold War
The Cold War
Competition between the United
States and the U.S.S.R. laid the
foundation for the Cold War
The presences of nuclear weapons
influenced patterns of conflict and
cooperation since 1945.
Communism failed as an economic
system in Soviet Union and
elsewhere.
Beginning of the Cold War
(1945-1948)
The Yalta Conference and the Soviet
control of Eastern Europe.
Rivalry between the United States and
the USSR.
Democracy and free enterprise system
vs. dictatorship and communism.
President Truman and the Policy of
Containment
Eastern Europe-Soviet satellite nations;
the Iron Curtain
Characteristics of the Cold War (19481989)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) v. the Warsaw Pact
Korean Conflict
Vietnam War
Berlin and significance of Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis
Nuclear weapons and the theory of
deterrence
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
NATO, of which the United States
was a member, and the Warsaw Pact,
which the Soviet Union dominated,
were military alliances that divided
Europe into two separate camps.
NATO was formed in 1949 and the
Warsaw Pact formed in 1955.
Korean Conflict
The United States and the Soviet Union
divided Korea into two zones at the 38th
parallel after WWII. Although elections were
planned to reunify Korea, the tension between
the communist government that developed in
Northern Korea and the anti-communist
government of South Korea led to war
instead.
The war began on June 23rd, 1950, when
North Korean troops invaded South Korea.
The United States, following their policy of
containment, sent troops to help repel the
invaders. The war ended with an armistice in
1953, and North and South Korea remain
divided at the 38th parallel even today.
Vietnam
The United States viewed the Vietnam
War as the “domino theory”.
According to this theory, if the
Communists succeeded in South
Vietnam then all of the other countries
in Asia could fall, like dominos, to
communism.
This belief led the United States to
become heavily involved in this conflict
between communist North Vietnam
and anti-communist South Vietnam.
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was built in August, 1961,
around the city of West Berlin which was
located in the middle of communist East
Germany.
The wall helped stop the flow of East Germans
to the West. The Berlin Wall became a powerful
symbol of the division between east and west
during the Cold War.
Cuban Missile Crisis
This crisis brought the world to the brink of
nuclear war in October of 1962. The crisis began
when the United States found out that the Soviet
Union had placed nuclear missiles on the island
of Cuba- only 90 miles off the coast of the United
States.
President John F. Kennedy imposed a naval
blockade of Cuba to prevent Soviet ships carrying
missiles from reaching the island. The crisis
ended when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev
agreed to turn back his ships and remove the
missiles if Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba.
In 1963 a hotline communications system was
installed between Moscow and Washington, D.C.
to allow the superpowers to communicate more
effectively during a crisis.
Nuclear weapons and the theory of
Deterrence
Deterrence is the belief that having
large amounts of nuclear weapons by
both superpowers would prevent
nuclear attack because both sides
could strike back with devastating
power.
Collapse of Communism in the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe (1989-)
Soviet economic collapse
Nationalism in Warsaw Pact
countries
Tearing down of Berlin Wall
Breakup of U.S.S.R.
Expansion of NATO
Conflicts and Revolutionary
Movements
Japanese occupation of European
colonies in Asia heightened demands
for independence after World War II
After WWII, the United States
pursued a policy of containment
against communism. This policy
included the development of regional
alliances against Soviet and Chinese
aggression. The Cold War led to
armed conflict in Korea and Vietnam.
Conflicts and Revolution in
China
Division of China into two nations at the end of the
Chinese civil war. The Chinese was a conflict in China
between the Chinese Nationalist Party (led by Chiang Kaishek and the Chinese Communist Party mostly led by
Mao-Tse-tung.
After nearly fifty years of conflict the major hostilities
ended in 1949 with the Communists controlling mainland
China and the Nationalists restricted to the territories of
Taiwan, Penghu, and several outlying Fujianese islands.
Chiang Kai-shek- leader of the Nationalist China (island
of Taiwan).
Mao Tse-tung- leader of Communist China (mainland
China).
Conflicts have continued between the two Chinas
Communist China’s participation in Korean Conflict
Deng Xiaoping ruled China after Mao Zedong
Conflict and revolutionary
movements in Vietnam
Role of French Imperialism
The Vietnamese wanted independence from France
after WWII. The leader of the independence
movement was a communist named Ho Chi Minh.
Leadership of Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh was nationalist and a communist. He
fought the French and then the U.S. in his struggle to
achieve Vietnamese independence.
Vietnam as a divided nation
France fought Ho Chi Minh and his forces for years
before agreeing to a pace settlement in 1954. This
settlement divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel. North
Vietnam was a Communist state under Ho Chi Minh’s
leadership and South Vietnam was non-Communist.
Plans were made for elections in 1956 to reunite the
country, but they were never held for fear that Ho Chi
Minh and the communist would win.
Vietnam
Influence of the Policy of Containment
The U.S. had adopted, in the Truman Doctrine, the
foreign policy of containment. Therefore, the U.S.
supported the government of South Vietnam.
The United States and the Vietnam War
Ho Chi Minh wanted to unite Vietnam under
Northern Rule. The U.S. sent military advisors,
supplies and later troops to South Vietnam. The
Vietnam War was a major Cold War conflict because
the Soviet Union and China were helping North
Vietnam (with aid but not troops).
Vietnam as a reunited Communist Country today
In 1973 the Paris Peace Accord ended the fighting in
Vietnam and the U.S. withdrew all remaining troops.
In 1975, North Vietnam ultimately captured Saigon,
the southern capital , and renamed it Ho Chi Minh
city.
Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi
Closer relationship between India and the
Soviet Union during the Cold War
Developed nuclear program
Margaret Thatcher
The Iron Lady
British prime minister
Free trade and less government
regulation of business
Close relationship with United States
and U.S. foreign policy
Assertion of United Kingdom’s
military power
Mikhail Gorbachev
Glasnost and Perestroika
Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of glasnost, or openness,
and perestroika, or economic restructuring , started a
wave changes that led to the end of the Soviet Union in
1991.
Fall of Berlin Wall 1989
Last President of the Soviet Union
Deng Xiaoping
Reformed Communist economy to market economy
leading to rapid economic growth.
Deng Xiaoping started a program known as the Four
Modernizations in 1981. This program helped to
modernize China in industry, agriculture, technology
and national defense.
Communist control of the government continued
In May 1989 tens of thousands demonstrated for more
political freedom at Tiananmen Square. Deng sent in
troops and tanks and thousands were killed and
wounded. This demonstrated the determination of the
Communist leaders to stay in control.