Transcript The Policies of Eisenhower

The Policies of
Eisenhower
By Liz Leathers
Who is Eisenhower?
Term:34th President of the
United States (1953–1961)
Born: October 14, 1890,
Denison, Texas
Full Name: Dwight David
Eisenhower
Nickname: “Ike”
Education: U.S. Military
Academy, West Point, New
York (graduated 1915)
Political Party: Republican
One of Americas greatest
military generals
One of Americas greatest military
generals.
Initial issue:
 July 26, 1956
Suez Canal
Crisis:
Background
 Egyptian President Gamal Abdel
Nasser nationalized the Suez
Canal.
 Had been jointly owned by
British-French enterprise since
1869.
 offered full economic
compensation for the
Company.
 British and France were outraged
by the nationalization.
• The Eisenhower administration, worried by the prospect of
the outbreak of hostilities between its NATO allies and an
emergent, influential Middle Eastern power (and the
possible intervention of the Soviet Union in such a conflict),
attempted to broker a diplomatic settlement of the BritishFrench-Egyptian dispute.
• On September 9, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles
proposed the creation of a Suez Canal Users’ Association
(SCUA), an international consortium of 18 of the world’s
leading maritime nations, to operate the Canal.
• Although SCUA would have given Britain, France, and Egypt
an equal stake in the Canal
• Multiple U.S. and international mediation efforts failed
to win the full support of any of the contending powers.
• Between August and October
• During discussions with the
United States the British
Government repeatedly hinted
that it might resort to force in
dealing with Nasser.
• At the same time, the British
and French held secret military
consultations with Israel, who
regarded Nasser as a threat to
its security, resulting in the
creation of a joint plan to invade
Egypt and overthrow its
President.
• The United States voted for U.N.
resolutions publicly condemning the
invasion and approving the creation
of a U.N. peacekeeping force.
The 1956 Hungarian Revolution
 October 23- November 10
 Hungry under the control of the
Soviet Union.
 Forced into communism
 Started as a student demonstration
 1000s of people followed as
the university students were
on their way to the parliament
through Budapest.
 Turned violent throughout the
capital. Eventually spread
throughout all of Hungary.
 Government put in place by the
Soviet Union fell. Hungarians
organized a militia to fight the State
Security Police and Soviet Troops.
 Hungary wanted free elections and
did not want to be part in the
Warsaw Pact.
 After announcing a
willingness to negotiate a
withdrawal of Soviet
forces, the Politburo
changed its mind and
moved to silence the
revolution.
 2,500 Hungarians killed
 700 soviet troops killed
 First anti-Soviet uprising in
Eastern Europe.
Eisenhower's lack of help
• There was little the United
States could do to help the
revolution.
• If they did help there was a risk
of another global war.
• Eisenhower was not willing to
go that far. Also he did not
wasn’t to jeopardize the
improvement of relations with
Moscow.
• Eisenhower chose to not
directly support the revolution
in Hungary.
• •
One of the most
successful weapons in the
East-West battle for the hearts
and minds of Eastern Europe
was the CIA-administered
Radio Free Europe.
In his 1957 State of the Union, he
did seek to give refugees some
relief. He said, "The recent
historic events in Hungary
demand that all free nations
share to the extent of their
capabilities in the responsibility
of granting asylum to victims of
Communist persecution. I
request the Congress promptly to
enact legislation to regularize the
status in the United States of
Hungarian refugees brought here
as parolees. I shall shortly
recommend to the Congress by
special message the changes in
our immigration laws that I deem
necessary in the light of our world
responsibilities. "
 In a newspaper interview in
1957, Khrushchev
commented "support by
United States ... is rather in
the nature of the support
that the rope gives to a
hanged man."
Eisenhower
Doctrine
•
January 1957
•
United States would work with
he states in the region o keep it
free of communism.
 Eisenhower asked Congress to pass a resolution authorizing him
to pledge increased economic and military aid and even direct U.S.
protection to any Middle Eastern nation willing to acknowledge
the threat posed by international communism. Two months later
Congress passed the requested resolution in slightly modified
form. By then the policy embodied in the legislation was
universally known as the Eisenhower Doctrine.
 The doctrine marked America's emergence as the dominant
Western power in the Middle East, a role the United States
continued to play long after the policy itself had been abandoned.
 The immediate promoter of the Eisenhower Doctrine was the
Suez war of late 1956. As a result of this fiasco, Britain was widely
regarded as having forfeited its status as the preeminent Western
power in the Middle East.
 Eisenhower and his secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, believed
that Britain's humiliation had left a "vacuum" in the region that the
Soviet Union would fill unless the United States took action.
 Already Egypt and Syria had concluded military and economic
agreements with the Soviet bloc.
 Eisenhower Doctrine also sought to contain the radical Arab
nationalism of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and to
discredit his policy of "positive neutrality" in the Cold War, which
held that Arab nations were entitled to enjoy profitable relations
with both Cold War blocs.
Space Race
Another competition in the Cold War
between the U.S. and the Soviet
Union.
1957: Russia in
the Space Race
 On October 4, 1957, a Soviet R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile
launched Sputnik
 the world’s first artificial satellite and the first man-made object to
be placed into the Earth’s orbit.
 Not a pleasant surprise to Americans
Sputnik
(Russian for
“Traveler”)
 Space was seen as a new frontier.
 In 1958, the U.S. launched its own satellite, Explorer I, designed by
the U.S. Army under the direction of rocket scientist Wernher von
Braun.
 Eisenhower signed a public order creating the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
1958: U.S in
the Space Race
 Eisenhower also created two national security-oriented space
programs that would operate simultaneously with NASA’s
program.
 The first, spearheaded by the U.S. Air Force, dedicated itself to
exploiting the military potential of space.
 The second, led by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Air
Force and a new organization called the National Reconnaissance
Office was code-named Corona; it would use orbiting satellites to
gather intelligence on the Soviet Union and its allies.
 the existence of which was kept classified until the early 1990s
Soviet
 1959: the launch of Luna 2
 the first space probe to hit
the moon.
Neck and Neck
 April 1961: the Soviet
cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
became the first person to
orbit Earth, traveling in the
capsule-like spacecraft Vostok
1.
 Meanwhile, the Soviet Union’s
lunar landing program
proceeded tentatively, partly
due to internal debate over its
necessity and to the untimely
death (in January 1966) of
Sergey Korolyov, chief
engineer of the Soviet space
program.
United States
 Project Mercury: NASA
engineers designed a smaller,
cone-shaped capsule far lighter
than Vostok; they tested the
craft with chimpanzees, and
held a final test flight in March
1961 before the Soviets were
able to pull ahead with
Gagarin’s launch.
 May 5 1961: astronaut Alan
Shepard became the first
American in space
 February 1962: John Glenn
became the first American to
orbit Earth
 by the end of 1962: project
Apollo was in place.
Apollo
“One small
step for man
one giant leap
for mankind”
 34,000 NASA employees and
375,000 employees of
industrial and university
contractors
 Set back in January 1967 when
three astronauts died when
their spacecraft caught fire in a
simulation launch.
 December 1968:t he launch of
Apollo 8, the first manned
space mission to orbit the
moon
 July 16, 1969: U.S. astronauts
Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz”
Aldrin and Michael Collins set
off on the Apollo 11 space
mission, the first lunar landing
attempt.
 July 20, 1969: Armstrong
became the first man to walk
on the moon’s surface.
 The United States Technically
“won” by landing a man on
the moon first.
 Astronauts became to be
seen as the ultimate
“American Hero”
Conclusion of
the Space Race
 In 1975, the joint ApolloSoyuz mission sent three U.S.
astronauts into space aboard
an Apollo spacecraft that
docked in orbit with a Sovietmade Soyuz vehicle. When
the commanders of the two
crafts officially greeted each
other, their “handshake in
space” served to symbolize
the gradual improvement of
U.S.-Soviet relations in the
late Cold War-era.
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